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Add prebuild OpenSSL, and remove SCHANNEL code and whatever it was on MacOS. Build mingw for 64-bit.

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git-svn-id: https://www.unprompted.com/svn/projects/tildefriends/trunk@4088 ed5197a5-7fde-0310-b194-c3ffbd925b24
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Cory McWilliams
2022-12-29 23:55:49 +00:00
parent d9aee6d05f
commit 09ddfffa6b
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.\"
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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "CA.PL 1"
.TH CA.PL 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
CA.pl \- friendlier interface for OpenSSL certificate programs
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fB\s-1CA\s0.pl\fR
\&\fB\-?\fR |
\&\fB\-h\fR |
\&\fB\-help\fR
.PP
\&\fB\s-1CA\s0.pl\fR
\&\fB\-newcert\fR |
\&\fB\-newreq\fR |
\&\fB\-newreq\-nodes\fR |
\&\fB\-xsign\fR |
\&\fB\-sign\fR |
\&\fB\-signCA\fR |
\&\fB\-signcert\fR |
\&\fB\-crl\fR |
\&\fB\-newca\fR
[\fB\-extra\-cmd\fR extra\-params]
.PP
\&\fB\s-1CA\s0.pl\fR \fB\-pkcs12\fR [\fB\-extra\-pkcs12\fR extra\-params] [\fBcertname\fR]
.PP
\&\fB\s-1CA\s0.pl\fR \fB\-verify\fR [\fB\-extra\-verify\fR extra\-params] \fBcertfile\fR...
.PP
\&\fB\s-1CA\s0.pl\fR \fB\-revoke\fR [\fB\-extra\-ca\fR extra\-params] \fBcertfile\fR [\fBreason\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fB\s-1CA\s0.pl\fR script is a perl script that supplies the relevant command line
arguments to the \fBopenssl\fR command for some common certificate operations.
It is intended to simplify the process of certificate creation and management
by the use of some simple options.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB?\fR, \fB\-h\fR, \fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "?, -h, -help"
Prints a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-newcert\fR" 4
.IX Item "-newcert"
Creates a new self signed certificate. The private key is written to the file
\&\*(L"newkey.pem\*(R" and the request written to the file \*(L"newreq.pem\*(R".
This argument invokes \fBopenssl req\fR command.
.IP "\fB\-newreq\fR" 4
.IX Item "-newreq"
Creates a new certificate request. The private key is written to the file
\&\*(L"newkey.pem\*(R" and the request written to the file \*(L"newreq.pem\*(R".
Executes \fBopenssl req\fR command below the hood.
.IP "\fB\-newreq\-nodes\fR" 4
.IX Item "-newreq-nodes"
Is like \fB\-newreq\fR except that the private key will not be encrypted.
Uses \fBopenssl req\fR command.
.IP "\fB\-newca\fR" 4
.IX Item "-newca"
Creates a new \s-1CA\s0 hierarchy for use with the \fBca\fR program (or the \fB\-signcert\fR
and \fB\-xsign\fR options). The user is prompted to enter the filename of the \s-1CA\s0
certificates (which should also contain the private key) or by hitting \s-1ENTER\s0
details of the \s-1CA\s0 will be prompted for. The relevant files and directories
are created in a directory called \*(L"demoCA\*(R" in the current directory.
\&\fBopenssl req\fR and \fBopenssl ca\fR commands are get invoked.
.IP "\fB\-pkcs12\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pkcs12"
Create a PKCS#12 file containing the user certificate, private key and \s-1CA\s0
certificate. It expects the user certificate and private key to be in the
file \*(L"newcert.pem\*(R" and the \s-1CA\s0 certificate to be in the file demoCA/cacert.pem,
it creates a file \*(L"newcert.p12\*(R". This command can thus be called after the
\&\fB\-sign\fR option. The PKCS#12 file can be imported directly into a browser.
If there is an additional argument on the command line it will be used as the
\&\*(L"friendly name\*(R" for the certificate (which is typically displayed in the browser
list box), otherwise the name \*(L"My Certificate\*(R" is used.
Delegates work to \fBopenssl pkcs12\fR command.
.IP "\fB\-sign\fR, \fB\-signcert\fR, \fB\-xsign\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sign, -signcert, -xsign"
Calls the \fBca\fR program to sign a certificate request. It expects the request
to be in the file \*(L"newreq.pem\*(R". The new certificate is written to the file
\&\*(L"newcert.pem\*(R" except in the case of the \fB\-xsign\fR option when it is written
to standard output. Leverages \fBopenssl ca\fR command.
.IP "\fB\-signCA\fR" 4
.IX Item "-signCA"
This option is the same as the \fB\-signreq\fR option except it uses the
configuration file section \fBv3_ca\fR and so makes the signed request a
valid \s-1CA\s0 certificate. This is useful when creating intermediate \s-1CA\s0 from
a root \s-1CA.\s0 Extra params are passed on to \fBopenssl ca\fR command.
.IP "\fB\-signcert\fR" 4
.IX Item "-signcert"
This option is the same as \fB\-sign\fR except it expects a self signed certificate
to be present in the file \*(L"newreq.pem\*(R".
Extra params are passed on to \fBopenssl x509\fR and \fBopenssl ca\fR commands.
.IP "\fB\-crl\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crl"
Generate a \s-1CRL.\s0 Executes \fBopenssl ca\fR command.
.IP "\fB\-revoke certfile [reason]\fR" 4
.IX Item "-revoke certfile [reason]"
Revoke the certificate contained in the specified \fBcertfile\fR. An optional
reason may be specified, and must be one of: \fBunspecified\fR,
\&\fBkeyCompromise\fR, \fBCACompromise\fR, \fBaffiliationChanged\fR, \fBsuperseded\fR,
\&\fBcessationOfOperation\fR, \fBcertificateHold\fR, or \fBremoveFromCRL\fR.
Leverages \fBopenssl ca\fR command.
.IP "\fB\-verify\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify"
Verifies certificates against the \s-1CA\s0 certificate for \*(L"demoCA\*(R". If no
certificates are specified on the command line it tries to verify the file
\&\*(L"newcert.pem\*(R". Invokes \fBopenssl verify\fR command.
.IP "\fB\-extra\-req\fR | \fB\-extra\-ca\fR | \fB\-extra\-pkcs12\fR | \fB\-extra\-x509\fR | \fB\-extra\-verify\fR <extra\-params>" 4
.IX Item "-extra-req | -extra-ca | -extra-pkcs12 | -extra-x509 | -extra-verify <extra-params>"
The purpose of these parameters is to allow optional parameters to be supplied
to \fBopenssl\fR that this command executes. The \fB\-extra\-cmd\fR are specific to the
option being used and the \fBopenssl\fR command getting invoked. For example
when this command invokes \fBopenssl req\fR extra parameters can be passed on
with the \fB\-extra\-req\fR parameter. The
\&\fBopenssl\fR commands being invoked per option are documented below.
Users should consult \fBopenssl\fR command documentation for more information.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Create a \s-1CA\s0 hierarchy:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& CA.pl \-newca
.Ve
.PP
Complete certificate creation example: create a \s-1CA,\s0 create a request, sign
the request and finally create a PKCS#12 file containing it.
.PP
.Vb 4
\& CA.pl \-newca
\& CA.pl \-newreq
\& CA.pl \-signreq
\& CA.pl \-pkcs12 "My Test Certificate"
.Ve
.SH "DSA CERTIFICATES"
.IX Header "DSA CERTIFICATES"
Although the \fB\s-1CA\s0.pl\fR creates \s-1RSA\s0 CAs and requests it is still possible to
use it with \s-1DSA\s0 certificates and requests using the \fBreq\fR\|(1) command
directly. The following example shows the steps that would typically be taken.
.PP
Create some \s-1DSA\s0 parameters:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl dsaparam \-out dsap.pem 1024
.Ve
.PP
Create a \s-1DSA CA\s0 certificate and private key:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl req \-x509 \-newkey dsa:dsap.pem \-keyout cacert.pem \-out cacert.pem
.Ve
.PP
Create the \s-1CA\s0 directories and files:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& CA.pl \-newca
.Ve
.PP
enter cacert.pem when prompted for the \s-1CA\s0 file name.
.PP
Create a \s-1DSA\s0 certificate request and private key (a different set of parameters
can optionally be created first):
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl req \-out newreq.pem \-newkey dsa:dsap.pem
.Ve
.PP
Sign the request:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& CA.pl \-signreq
.Ve
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
Most of the filenames mentioned can be modified by editing the \fB\s-1CA\s0.pl\fR script.
.PP
If the demoCA directory already exists then the \fB\-newca\fR command will not
overwrite it and will do nothing. This can happen if a previous call using
the \fB\-newca\fR option terminated abnormally. To get the correct behaviour
delete the demoCA directory if it already exists.
.PP
Under some environments it may not be possible to run the \fB\s-1CA\s0.pl\fR script
directly (for example Win32) and the default configuration file location may
be wrong. In this case the command:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& perl \-S CA.pl
.Ve
.PP
can be used and the \fB\s-1OPENSSL_CONF\s0\fR environment variable changed to point to
the correct path of the configuration file.
.PP
The script is intended as a simple front end for the \fBopenssl\fR program for use
by a beginner. Its behaviour isn't always what is wanted. For more control over the
behaviour of the certificate commands call the \fBopenssl\fR command directly.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBx509\fR\|(1), \fBca\fR\|(1), \fBreq\fR\|(1), \fBpkcs12\fR\|(1),
\&\fBconfig\fR\|(5)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2017 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
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.if t .sp .5v
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.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
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.\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
.ie n \{\
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.el\{\
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'br\}
.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
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.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
. ds #H 0
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.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
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.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
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. ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "ASN1PARSE 1"
.TH ASN1PARSE 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-asn1parse, asn1parse \- ASN.1 parsing tool
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBasn1parse\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-offset number\fR]
[\fB\-length number\fR]
[\fB\-i\fR]
[\fB\-oid filename\fR]
[\fB\-dump\fR]
[\fB\-dlimit num\fR]
[\fB\-strparse offset\fR]
[\fB\-genstr string\fR]
[\fB\-genconf file\fR]
[\fB\-strictpem\fR]
[\fB\-item name\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBasn1parse\fR command is a diagnostic utility that can parse \s-1ASN.1\s0
structures. It can also be used to extract data from \s-1ASN.1\s0 formatted data.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-inform\fR \fBDER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform DER|PEM"
The input format. \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR is binary format and \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR (the default) is base64
encoded.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
The input file, default is standard input.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
Output file to place the \s-1DER\s0 encoded data into. If this
option is not present then no data will be output. This is most useful when
combined with the \fB\-strparse\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
Don't output the parsed version of the input file.
.IP "\fB\-offset number\fR" 4
.IX Item "-offset number"
Starting offset to begin parsing, default is start of file.
.IP "\fB\-length number\fR" 4
.IX Item "-length number"
Number of bytes to parse, default is until end of file.
.IP "\fB\-i\fR" 4
.IX Item "-i"
Indents the output according to the \*(L"depth\*(R" of the structures.
.IP "\fB\-oid filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-oid filename"
A file containing additional \s-1OBJECT\s0 IDENTIFIERs (OIDs). The format of this
file is described in the \s-1NOTES\s0 section below.
.IP "\fB\-dump\fR" 4
.IX Item "-dump"
Dump unknown data in hex format.
.IP "\fB\-dlimit num\fR" 4
.IX Item "-dlimit num"
Like \fB\-dump\fR, but only the first \fBnum\fR bytes are output.
.IP "\fB\-strparse offset\fR" 4
.IX Item "-strparse offset"
Parse the contents octets of the \s-1ASN.1\s0 object starting at \fBoffset\fR. This
option can be used multiple times to \*(L"drill down\*(R" into a nested structure.
.IP "\fB\-genstr string\fR, \fB\-genconf file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-genstr string, -genconf file"
Generate encoded data based on \fBstring\fR, \fBfile\fR or both using
\&\fBASN1_generate_nconf\fR\|(3) format. If \fBfile\fR only is
present then the string is obtained from the default section using the name
\&\fBasn1\fR. The encoded data is passed through the \s-1ASN1\s0 parser and printed out as
though it came from a file, the contents can thus be examined and written to a
file using the \fBout\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-strictpem\fR" 4
.IX Item "-strictpem"
If this option is used then \fB\-inform\fR will be ignored. Without this option any
data in a \s-1PEM\s0 format input file will be treated as being base64 encoded and
processed whether it has the normal \s-1PEM BEGIN\s0 and \s-1END\s0 markers or not. This
option will ignore any data prior to the start of the \s-1BEGIN\s0 marker, or after an
\&\s-1END\s0 marker in a \s-1PEM\s0 file.
.IP "\fB\-item name\fR" 4
.IX Item "-item name"
Attempt to decode and print the data as \fB\s-1ASN1_ITEM\s0 name\fR. This can be used to
print out the fields of any supported \s-1ASN.1\s0 structure if the type is known.
.SS "Output"
.IX Subsection "Output"
The output will typically contain lines like this:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& 0:d=0 hl=4 l= 681 cons: SEQUENCE
.Ve
.PP
\&.....
.PP
.Vb 10
\& 229:d=3 hl=3 l= 141 prim: BIT STRING
\& 373:d=2 hl=3 l= 162 cons: cont [ 3 ]
\& 376:d=3 hl=3 l= 159 cons: SEQUENCE
\& 379:d=4 hl=2 l= 29 cons: SEQUENCE
\& 381:d=5 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Subject Key Identifier
\& 386:d=5 hl=2 l= 22 prim: OCTET STRING
\& 410:d=4 hl=2 l= 112 cons: SEQUENCE
\& 412:d=5 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :X509v3 Authority Key Identifier
\& 417:d=5 hl=2 l= 105 prim: OCTET STRING
\& 524:d=4 hl=2 l= 12 cons: SEQUENCE
.Ve
.PP
\&.....
.PP
This example is part of a self-signed certificate. Each line starts with the
offset in decimal. \fBd=XX\fR specifies the current depth. The depth is increased
within the scope of any \s-1SET\s0 or \s-1SEQUENCE.\s0 \fBhl=XX\fR gives the header length
(tag and length octets) of the current type. \fBl=XX\fR gives the length of
the contents octets.
.PP
The \fB\-i\fR option can be used to make the output more readable.
.PP
Some knowledge of the \s-1ASN.1\s0 structure is needed to interpret the output.
.PP
In this example the \s-1BIT STRING\s0 at offset 229 is the certificate public key.
The contents octets of this will contain the public key information. This can
be examined using the option \fB\-strparse 229\fR to yield:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& 0:d=0 hl=3 l= 137 cons: SEQUENCE
\& 3:d=1 hl=3 l= 129 prim: INTEGER :E5D21E1F5C8D208EA7A2166C7FAF9F6BDF2059669C60876DDB70840F1A5AAFA59699FE471F379F1DD6A487E7D5409AB6A88D4A9746E24B91D8CF55DB3521015460C8EDE44EE8A4189F7A7BE77D6CD3A9AF2696F486855CF58BF0EDF2B4068058C7A947F52548DDF7E15E96B385F86422BEA9064A3EE9E1158A56E4A6F47E5897
\& 135:d=1 hl=2 l= 3 prim: INTEGER :010001
.Ve
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
If an \s-1OID\s0 is not part of OpenSSL's internal table it will be represented in
numerical form (for example 1.2.3.4). The file passed to the \fB\-oid\fR option
allows additional OIDs to be included. Each line consists of three columns,
the first column is the \s-1OID\s0 in numerical format and should be followed by white
space. The second column is the \*(L"short name\*(R" which is a single word followed
by white space. The final column is the rest of the line and is the
\&\*(L"long name\*(R". \fBasn1parse\fR displays the long name. Example:
.PP
\&\f(CW\*(C`1.2.3.4 shortName A long name\*(C'\fR
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Parse a file:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl asn1parse \-in file.pem
.Ve
.PP
Parse a \s-1DER\s0 file:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl asn1parse \-inform DER \-in file.der
.Ve
.PP
Generate a simple UTF8String:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl asn1parse \-genstr \*(AqUTF8:Hello World\*(Aq
.Ve
.PP
Generate and write out a UTF8String, don't print parsed output:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl asn1parse \-genstr \*(AqUTF8:Hello World\*(Aq \-noout \-out utf8.der
.Ve
.PP
Generate using a config file:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl asn1parse \-genconf asn1.cnf \-noout \-out asn1.der
.Ve
.PP
Example config file:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& asn1=SEQUENCE:seq_sect
\&
\& [seq_sect]
\&
\& field1=BOOL:TRUE
\& field2=EXP:0, UTF8:some random string
.Ve
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
There should be options to change the format of output lines. The output of some
\&\s-1ASN.1\s0 types is not well handled (if at all).
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBASN1_generate_nconf\fR\|(3)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2017 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "CA 1"
.TH CA 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-ca, ca \- sample minimal CA application
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBca\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-verbose\fR]
[\fB\-config filename\fR]
[\fB\-name section\fR]
[\fB\-gencrl\fR]
[\fB\-revoke file\fR]
[\fB\-valid file\fR]
[\fB\-status serial\fR]
[\fB\-updatedb\fR]
[\fB\-crl_reason reason\fR]
[\fB\-crl_hold instruction\fR]
[\fB\-crl_compromise time\fR]
[\fB\-crl_CA_compromise time\fR]
[\fB\-crldays days\fR]
[\fB\-crlhours hours\fR]
[\fB\-crlexts section\fR]
[\fB\-startdate date\fR]
[\fB\-enddate date\fR]
[\fB\-days arg\fR]
[\fB\-md arg\fR]
[\fB\-policy arg\fR]
[\fB\-keyfile arg\fR]
[\fB\-keyform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-key arg\fR]
[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
[\fB\-cert file\fR]
[\fB\-selfsign\fR]
[\fB\-in file\fR]
[\fB\-out file\fR]
[\fB\-notext\fR]
[\fB\-outdir dir\fR]
[\fB\-infiles\fR]
[\fB\-spkac file\fR]
[\fB\-ss_cert file\fR]
[\fB\-preserveDN\fR]
[\fB\-noemailDN\fR]
[\fB\-batch\fR]
[\fB\-msie_hack\fR]
[\fB\-extensions section\fR]
[\fB\-extfile section\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fB\-subj arg\fR]
[\fB\-utf8\fR]
[\fB\-sigopt nm:v\fR]
[\fB\-create_serial\fR]
[\fB\-rand_serial\fR]
[\fB\-multivalue\-rdn\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBca\fR command is a minimal \s-1CA\s0 application. It can be used
to sign certificate requests in a variety of forms and generate
CRLs it also maintains a text database of issued certificates
and their status.
.PP
The options descriptions will be divided into each purpose.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-verbose\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verbose"
This prints extra details about the operations being performed.
.IP "\fB\-config filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-config filename"
Specifies the configuration file to use.
Optional; for a description of the default value,
see \*(L"\s-1COMMAND SUMMARY\*(R"\s0 in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-name section\fR" 4
.IX Item "-name section"
Specifies the configuration file section to use (overrides
\&\fBdefault_ca\fR in the \fBca\fR section).
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
An input filename containing a single certificate request to be
signed by the \s-1CA.\s0
.IP "\fB\-ss_cert filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ss_cert filename"
A single self-signed certificate to be signed by the \s-1CA.\s0
.IP "\fB\-spkac filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-spkac filename"
A file containing a single Netscape signed public key and challenge
and additional field values to be signed by the \s-1CA.\s0 See the \fB\s-1SPKAC FORMAT\s0\fR
section for information on the required input and output format.
.IP "\fB\-infiles\fR" 4
.IX Item "-infiles"
If present this should be the last option, all subsequent arguments
are taken as the names of files containing certificate requests.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
The output file to output certificates to. The default is standard
output. The certificate details will also be printed out to this
file in \s-1PEM\s0 format (except that \fB\-spkac\fR outputs \s-1DER\s0 format).
.IP "\fB\-outdir directory\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outdir directory"
The directory to output certificates to. The certificate will be
written to a filename consisting of the serial number in hex with
\&\*(L".pem\*(R" appended.
.IP "\fB\-cert\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cert"
The \s-1CA\s0 certificate file.
.IP "\fB\-keyfile filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keyfile filename"
The private key to sign requests with.
.IP "\fB\-keyform PEM|DER\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keyform PEM|DER"
The format of the data in the private key file.
The default is \s-1PEM.\s0
.IP "\fB\-sigopt nm:v\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sigopt nm:v"
Pass options to the signature algorithm during sign or verify operations.
Names and values of these options are algorithm-specific.
.IP "\fB\-key password\fR" 4
.IX Item "-key password"
The password used to encrypt the private key. Since on some
systems the command line arguments are visible (e.g. Unix with
the 'ps' utility) this option should be used with caution.
.IP "\fB\-selfsign\fR" 4
.IX Item "-selfsign"
Indicates the issued certificates are to be signed with the key
the certificate requests were signed with (given with \fB\-keyfile\fR).
Certificate requests signed with a different key are ignored. If
\&\fB\-spkac\fR, \fB\-ss_cert\fR or \fB\-gencrl\fR are given, \fB\-selfsign\fR is
ignored.
.Sp
A consequence of using \fB\-selfsign\fR is that the self-signed
certificate appears among the entries in the certificate database
(see the configuration option \fBdatabase\fR), and uses the same
serial number counter as all other certificates sign with the
self-signed certificate.
.IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passin arg"
The key password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-notext\fR" 4
.IX Item "-notext"
Don't output the text form of a certificate to the output file.
.IP "\fB\-startdate date\fR" 4
.IX Item "-startdate date"
This allows the start date to be explicitly set. The format of the
date is \s-1YYMMDDHHMMSSZ\s0 (the same as an \s-1ASN1\s0 UTCTime structure), or
\&\s-1YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ\s0 (the same as an \s-1ASN1\s0 GeneralizedTime structure). In
both formats, seconds \s-1SS\s0 and timezone Z must be present.
.IP "\fB\-enddate date\fR" 4
.IX Item "-enddate date"
This allows the expiry date to be explicitly set. The format of the
date is \s-1YYMMDDHHMMSSZ\s0 (the same as an \s-1ASN1\s0 UTCTime structure), or
\&\s-1YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ\s0 (the same as an \s-1ASN1\s0 GeneralizedTime structure). In
both formats, seconds \s-1SS\s0 and timezone Z must be present.
.IP "\fB\-days arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-days arg"
The number of days to certify the certificate for.
.IP "\fB\-md alg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-md alg"
The message digest to use.
Any digest supported by the OpenSSL \fBdgst\fR command can be used. For signing
algorithms that do not support a digest (i.e. Ed25519 and Ed448) any message
digest that is set is ignored. This option also applies to CRLs.
.IP "\fB\-policy arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-policy arg"
This option defines the \s-1CA\s0 \*(L"policy\*(R" to use. This is a section in
the configuration file which decides which fields should be mandatory
or match the \s-1CA\s0 certificate. Check out the \fB\s-1POLICY FORMAT\s0\fR section
for more information.
.IP "\fB\-msie_hack\fR" 4
.IX Item "-msie_hack"
This is a deprecated option to make \fBca\fR work with very old versions of
the \s-1IE\s0 certificate enrollment control \*(L"certenr3\*(R". It used UniversalStrings
for almost everything. Since the old control has various security bugs
its use is strongly discouraged.
.IP "\fB\-preserveDN\fR" 4
.IX Item "-preserveDN"
Normally the \s-1DN\s0 order of a certificate is the same as the order of the
fields in the relevant policy section. When this option is set the order
is the same as the request. This is largely for compatibility with the
older \s-1IE\s0 enrollment control which would only accept certificates if their
DNs match the order of the request. This is not needed for Xenroll.
.IP "\fB\-noemailDN\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noemailDN"
The \s-1DN\s0 of a certificate can contain the \s-1EMAIL\s0 field if present in the
request \s-1DN,\s0 however it is good policy just having the e\-mail set into
the altName extension of the certificate. When this option is set the
\&\s-1EMAIL\s0 field is removed from the certificate' subject and set only in
the, eventually present, extensions. The \fBemail_in_dn\fR keyword can be
used in the configuration file to enable this behaviour.
.IP "\fB\-batch\fR" 4
.IX Item "-batch"
This sets the batch mode. In this mode no questions will be asked
and all certificates will be certified automatically.
.IP "\fB\-extensions section\fR" 4
.IX Item "-extensions section"
The section of the configuration file containing certificate extensions
to be added when a certificate is issued (defaults to \fBx509_extensions\fR
unless the \fB\-extfile\fR option is used). If no extension section is
present then, a V1 certificate is created. If the extension section
is present (even if it is empty), then a V3 certificate is created. See the
\&\fBx509v3_config\fR\|(5) manual page for details of the
extension section format.
.IP "\fB\-extfile file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-extfile file"
An additional configuration file to read certificate extensions from
(using the default section unless the \fB\-extensions\fR option is also
used).
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBca\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.IP "\fB\-subj arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-subj arg"
Supersedes subject name given in the request.
The arg must be formatted as \fI/type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=...\fR.
Keyword characters may be escaped by \e (backslash), and whitespace is retained.
Empty values are permitted, but the corresponding type will not be included
in the resulting certificate.
.IP "\fB\-utf8\fR" 4
.IX Item "-utf8"
This option causes field values to be interpreted as \s-1UTF8\s0 strings, by
default they are interpreted as \s-1ASCII.\s0 This means that the field
values, whether prompted from a terminal or obtained from a
configuration file, must be valid \s-1UTF8\s0 strings.
.IP "\fB\-create_serial\fR" 4
.IX Item "-create_serial"
If reading serial from the text file as specified in the configuration
fails, specifying this option creates a new random serial to be used as next
serial number.
To get random serial numbers, use the \fB\-rand_serial\fR flag instead; this
should only be used for simple error-recovery.
.IP "\fB\-rand_serial\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand_serial"
Generate a large random number to use as the serial number.
This overrides any option or configuration to use a serial number file.
.IP "\fB\-multivalue\-rdn\fR" 4
.IX Item "-multivalue-rdn"
This option causes the \-subj argument to be interpreted with full
support for multivalued RDNs. Example:
.Sp
\&\fI/DC=org/DC=OpenSSL/DC=users/UID=123456+CN=John Doe\fR
.Sp
If \-multi\-rdn is not used then the \s-1UID\s0 value is \fI123456+CN=John Doe\fR.
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.SH "CRL OPTIONS"
.IX Header "CRL OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-gencrl\fR" 4
.IX Item "-gencrl"
This option generates a \s-1CRL\s0 based on information in the index file.
.IP "\fB\-crldays num\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crldays num"
The number of days before the next \s-1CRL\s0 is due. That is the days from
now to place in the \s-1CRL\s0 nextUpdate field.
.IP "\fB\-crlhours num\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crlhours num"
The number of hours before the next \s-1CRL\s0 is due.
.IP "\fB\-revoke filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-revoke filename"
A filename containing a certificate to revoke.
.IP "\fB\-valid filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-valid filename"
A filename containing a certificate to add a Valid certificate entry.
.IP "\fB\-status serial\fR" 4
.IX Item "-status serial"
Displays the revocation status of the certificate with the specified
serial number and exits.
.IP "\fB\-updatedb\fR" 4
.IX Item "-updatedb"
Updates the database index to purge expired certificates.
.IP "\fB\-crl_reason reason\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crl_reason reason"
Revocation reason, where \fBreason\fR is one of: \fBunspecified\fR, \fBkeyCompromise\fR,
\&\fBCACompromise\fR, \fBaffiliationChanged\fR, \fBsuperseded\fR, \fBcessationOfOperation\fR,
\&\fBcertificateHold\fR or \fBremoveFromCRL\fR. The matching of \fBreason\fR is case
insensitive. Setting any revocation reason will make the \s-1CRL\s0 v2.
.Sp
In practice \fBremoveFromCRL\fR is not particularly useful because it is only used
in delta CRLs which are not currently implemented.
.IP "\fB\-crl_hold instruction\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crl_hold instruction"
This sets the \s-1CRL\s0 revocation reason code to \fBcertificateHold\fR and the hold
instruction to \fBinstruction\fR which must be an \s-1OID.\s0 Although any \s-1OID\s0 can be
used only \fBholdInstructionNone\fR (the use of which is discouraged by \s-1RFC2459\s0)
\&\fBholdInstructionCallIssuer\fR or \fBholdInstructionReject\fR will normally be used.
.IP "\fB\-crl_compromise time\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crl_compromise time"
This sets the revocation reason to \fBkeyCompromise\fR and the compromise time to
\&\fBtime\fR. \fBtime\fR should be in GeneralizedTime format that is \fB\s-1YYYYMMDDHHMMSSZ\s0\fR.
.IP "\fB\-crl_CA_compromise time\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crl_CA_compromise time"
This is the same as \fBcrl_compromise\fR except the revocation reason is set to
\&\fBCACompromise\fR.
.IP "\fB\-crlexts section\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crlexts section"
The section of the configuration file containing \s-1CRL\s0 extensions to
include. If no \s-1CRL\s0 extension section is present then a V1 \s-1CRL\s0 is
created, if the \s-1CRL\s0 extension section is present (even if it is
empty) then a V2 \s-1CRL\s0 is created. The \s-1CRL\s0 extensions specified are
\&\s-1CRL\s0 extensions and \fBnot\fR \s-1CRL\s0 entry extensions. It should be noted
that some software (for example Netscape) can't handle V2 CRLs. See
\&\fBx509v3_config\fR\|(5) manual page for details of the
extension section format.
.SH "CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS"
.IX Header "CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS"
The section of the configuration file containing options for \fBca\fR
is found as follows: If the \fB\-name\fR command line option is used,
then it names the section to be used. Otherwise the section to
be used must be named in the \fBdefault_ca\fR option of the \fBca\fR section
of the configuration file (or in the default section of the
configuration file). Besides \fBdefault_ca\fR, the following options are
read directly from the \fBca\fR section:
\s-1RANDFILE\s0
preserve
msie_hack
With the exception of \fB\s-1RANDFILE\s0\fR, this is probably a bug and may
change in future releases.
.PP
Many of the configuration file options are identical to command line
options. Where the option is present in the configuration file
and the command line the command line value is used. Where an
option is described as mandatory then it must be present in
the configuration file or the command line equivalent (if
any) used.
.IP "\fBoid_file\fR" 4
.IX Item "oid_file"
This specifies a file containing additional \fB\s-1OBJECT IDENTIFIERS\s0\fR.
Each line of the file should consist of the numerical form of the
object identifier followed by white space then the short name followed
by white space and finally the long name.
.IP "\fBoid_section\fR" 4
.IX Item "oid_section"
This specifies a section in the configuration file containing extra
object identifiers. Each line should consist of the short name of the
object identifier followed by \fB=\fR and the numerical form. The short
and long names are the same when this option is used.
.IP "\fBnew_certs_dir\fR" 4
.IX Item "new_certs_dir"
The same as the \fB\-outdir\fR command line option. It specifies
the directory where new certificates will be placed. Mandatory.
.IP "\fBcertificate\fR" 4
.IX Item "certificate"
The same as \fB\-cert\fR. It gives the file containing the \s-1CA\s0
certificate. Mandatory.
.IP "\fBprivate_key\fR" 4
.IX Item "private_key"
Same as the \fB\-keyfile\fR option. The file containing the
\&\s-1CA\s0 private key. Mandatory.
.IP "\fB\s-1RANDFILE\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "RANDFILE"
At startup the specified file is loaded into the random number generator,
and at exit 256 bytes will be written to it.
.IP "\fBdefault_days\fR" 4
.IX Item "default_days"
The same as the \fB\-days\fR option. The number of days to certify
a certificate for.
.IP "\fBdefault_startdate\fR" 4
.IX Item "default_startdate"
The same as the \fB\-startdate\fR option. The start date to certify
a certificate for. If not set the current time is used.
.IP "\fBdefault_enddate\fR" 4
.IX Item "default_enddate"
The same as the \fB\-enddate\fR option. Either this option or
\&\fBdefault_days\fR (or the command line equivalents) must be
present.
.IP "\fBdefault_crl_hours default_crl_days\fR" 4
.IX Item "default_crl_hours default_crl_days"
The same as the \fB\-crlhours\fR and the \fB\-crldays\fR options. These
will only be used if neither command line option is present. At
least one of these must be present to generate a \s-1CRL.\s0
.IP "\fBdefault_md\fR" 4
.IX Item "default_md"
The same as the \fB\-md\fR option. Mandatory except where the signing algorithm does
not require a digest (i.e. Ed25519 and Ed448).
.IP "\fBdatabase\fR" 4
.IX Item "database"
The text database file to use. Mandatory. This file must be present
though initially it will be empty.
.IP "\fBunique_subject\fR" 4
.IX Item "unique_subject"
If the value \fByes\fR is given, the valid certificate entries in the
database must have unique subjects. if the value \fBno\fR is given,
several valid certificate entries may have the exact same subject.
The default value is \fByes\fR, to be compatible with older (pre 0.9.8)
versions of OpenSSL. However, to make \s-1CA\s0 certificate roll-over easier,
it's recommended to use the value \fBno\fR, especially if combined with
the \fB\-selfsign\fR command line option.
.Sp
Note that it is valid in some circumstances for certificates to be created
without any subject. In the case where there are multiple certificates without
subjects this does not count as a duplicate.
.IP "\fBserial\fR" 4
.IX Item "serial"
A text file containing the next serial number to use in hex. Mandatory.
This file must be present and contain a valid serial number.
.IP "\fBcrlnumber\fR" 4
.IX Item "crlnumber"
A text file containing the next \s-1CRL\s0 number to use in hex. The crl number
will be inserted in the CRLs only if this file exists. If this file is
present, it must contain a valid \s-1CRL\s0 number.
.IP "\fBx509_extensions\fR" 4
.IX Item "x509_extensions"
The same as \fB\-extensions\fR.
.IP "\fBcrl_extensions\fR" 4
.IX Item "crl_extensions"
The same as \fB\-crlexts\fR.
.IP "\fBpreserve\fR" 4
.IX Item "preserve"
The same as \fB\-preserveDN\fR
.IP "\fBemail_in_dn\fR" 4
.IX Item "email_in_dn"
The same as \fB\-noemailDN\fR. If you want the \s-1EMAIL\s0 field to be removed
from the \s-1DN\s0 of the certificate simply set this to 'no'. If not present
the default is to allow for the \s-1EMAIL\s0 filed in the certificate's \s-1DN.\s0
.IP "\fBmsie_hack\fR" 4
.IX Item "msie_hack"
The same as \fB\-msie_hack\fR
.IP "\fBpolicy\fR" 4
.IX Item "policy"
The same as \fB\-policy\fR. Mandatory. See the \fB\s-1POLICY FORMAT\s0\fR section
for more information.
.IP "\fBname_opt\fR, \fBcert_opt\fR" 4
.IX Item "name_opt, cert_opt"
These options allow the format used to display the certificate details
when asking the user to confirm signing. All the options supported by
the \fBx509\fR utilities \fB\-nameopt\fR and \fB\-certopt\fR switches can be used
here, except the \fBno_signame\fR and \fBno_sigdump\fR are permanently set
and cannot be disabled (this is because the certificate signature cannot
be displayed because the certificate has not been signed at this point).
.Sp
For convenience the values \fBca_default\fR are accepted by both to produce
a reasonable output.
.Sp
If neither option is present the format used in earlier versions of
OpenSSL is used. Use of the old format is \fBstrongly\fR discouraged because
it only displays fields mentioned in the \fBpolicy\fR section, mishandles
multicharacter string types and does not display extensions.
.IP "\fBcopy_extensions\fR" 4
.IX Item "copy_extensions"
Determines how extensions in certificate requests should be handled.
If set to \fBnone\fR or this option is not present then extensions are
ignored and not copied to the certificate. If set to \fBcopy\fR then any
extensions present in the request that are not already present are copied
to the certificate. If set to \fBcopyall\fR then all extensions in the
request are copied to the certificate: if the extension is already present
in the certificate it is deleted first. See the \fB\s-1WARNINGS\s0\fR section before
using this option.
.Sp
The main use of this option is to allow a certificate request to supply
values for certain extensions such as subjectAltName.
.SH "POLICY FORMAT"
.IX Header "POLICY FORMAT"
The policy section consists of a set of variables corresponding to
certificate \s-1DN\s0 fields. If the value is \*(L"match\*(R" then the field value
must match the same field in the \s-1CA\s0 certificate. If the value is
\&\*(L"supplied\*(R" then it must be present. If the value is \*(L"optional\*(R" then
it may be present. Any fields not mentioned in the policy section
are silently deleted, unless the \fB\-preserveDN\fR option is set but
this can be regarded more of a quirk than intended behaviour.
.SH "SPKAC FORMAT"
.IX Header "SPKAC FORMAT"
The input to the \fB\-spkac\fR command line option is a Netscape
signed public key and challenge. This will usually come from
the \fB\s-1KEYGEN\s0\fR tag in an \s-1HTML\s0 form to create a new private key.
It is however possible to create SPKACs using the \fBspkac\fR utility.
.PP
The file should contain the variable \s-1SPKAC\s0 set to the value of
the \s-1SPKAC\s0 and also the required \s-1DN\s0 components as name value pairs.
If you need to include the same component twice then it can be
preceded by a number and a '.'.
.PP
When processing \s-1SPKAC\s0 format, the output is \s-1DER\s0 if the \fB\-out\fR
flag is used, but \s-1PEM\s0 format if sending to stdout or the \fB\-outdir\fR
flag is used.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Note: these examples assume that the \fBca\fR directory structure is
already set up and the relevant files already exist. This usually
involves creating a \s-1CA\s0 certificate and private key with \fBreq\fR, a
serial number file and an empty index file and placing them in
the relevant directories.
.PP
To use the sample configuration file below the directories demoCA,
demoCA/private and demoCA/newcerts would be created. The \s-1CA\s0
certificate would be copied to demoCA/cacert.pem and its private
key to demoCA/private/cakey.pem. A file demoCA/serial would be
created containing for example \*(L"01\*(R" and the empty index file
demoCA/index.txt.
.PP
Sign a certificate request:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ca \-in req.pem \-out newcert.pem
.Ve
.PP
Sign a certificate request, using \s-1CA\s0 extensions:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ca \-in req.pem \-extensions v3_ca \-out newcert.pem
.Ve
.PP
Generate a \s-1CRL\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ca \-gencrl \-out crl.pem
.Ve
.PP
Sign several requests:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ca \-infiles req1.pem req2.pem req3.pem
.Ve
.PP
Certify a Netscape \s-1SPKAC:\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ca \-spkac spkac.txt
.Ve
.PP
A sample \s-1SPKAC\s0 file (the \s-1SPKAC\s0 line has been truncated for clarity):
.PP
.Vb 5
\& SPKAC=MIG0MGAwXDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAANLADBIAkEAn7PDhCeV/xIxUg8V70YRxK2A5
\& CN=Steve Test
\& emailAddress=steve@openssl.org
\& 0.OU=OpenSSL Group
\& 1.OU=Another Group
.Ve
.PP
A sample configuration file with the relevant sections for \fBca\fR:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& [ ca ]
\& default_ca = CA_default # The default ca section
\&
\& [ CA_default ]
\&
\& dir = ./demoCA # top dir
\& database = $dir/index.txt # index file.
\& new_certs_dir = $dir/newcerts # new certs dir
\&
\& certificate = $dir/cacert.pem # The CA cert
\& serial = $dir/serial # serial no file
\& #rand_serial = yes # for random serial#\*(Aqs
\& private_key = $dir/private/cakey.pem# CA private key
\& RANDFILE = $dir/private/.rand # random number file
\&
\& default_days = 365 # how long to certify for
\& default_crl_days= 30 # how long before next CRL
\& default_md = md5 # md to use
\&
\& policy = policy_any # default policy
\& email_in_dn = no # Don\*(Aqt add the email into cert DN
\&
\& name_opt = ca_default # Subject name display option
\& cert_opt = ca_default # Certificate display option
\& copy_extensions = none # Don\*(Aqt copy extensions from request
\&
\& [ policy_any ]
\& countryName = supplied
\& stateOrProvinceName = optional
\& organizationName = optional
\& organizationalUnitName = optional
\& commonName = supplied
\& emailAddress = optional
.Ve
.SH "FILES"
.IX Header "FILES"
Note: the location of all files can change either by compile time options,
configuration file entries, environment variables or command line options.
The values below reflect the default values.
.PP
.Vb 10
\& /usr/local/ssl/lib/openssl.cnf \- master configuration file
\& ./demoCA \- main CA directory
\& ./demoCA/cacert.pem \- CA certificate
\& ./demoCA/private/cakey.pem \- CA private key
\& ./demoCA/serial \- CA serial number file
\& ./demoCA/serial.old \- CA serial number backup file
\& ./demoCA/index.txt \- CA text database file
\& ./demoCA/index.txt.old \- CA text database backup file
\& ./demoCA/certs \- certificate output file
\& ./demoCA/.rnd \- CA random seed information
.Ve
.SH "RESTRICTIONS"
.IX Header "RESTRICTIONS"
The text database index file is a critical part of the process and
if corrupted it can be difficult to fix. It is theoretically possible
to rebuild the index file from all the issued certificates and a current
\&\s-1CRL:\s0 however there is no option to do this.
.PP
V2 \s-1CRL\s0 features like delta CRLs are not currently supported.
.PP
Although several requests can be input and handled at once it is only
possible to include one \s-1SPKAC\s0 or self-signed certificate.
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
The use of an in-memory text database can cause problems when large
numbers of certificates are present because, as the name implies
the database has to be kept in memory.
.PP
The \fBca\fR command really needs rewriting or the required functionality
exposed at either a command or interface level so a more friendly utility
(perl script or \s-1GUI\s0) can handle things properly. The script
\&\fB\s-1CA\s0.pl\fR helps a little but not very much.
.PP
Any fields in a request that are not present in a policy are silently
deleted. This does not happen if the \fB\-preserveDN\fR option is used. To
enforce the absence of the \s-1EMAIL\s0 field within the \s-1DN,\s0 as suggested by
RFCs, regardless the contents of the request' subject the \fB\-noemailDN\fR
option can be used. The behaviour should be more friendly and
configurable.
.PP
Canceling some commands by refusing to certify a certificate can
create an empty file.
.SH "WARNINGS"
.IX Header "WARNINGS"
The \fBca\fR command is quirky and at times downright unfriendly.
.PP
The \fBca\fR utility was originally meant as an example of how to do things
in a \s-1CA.\s0 It was not supposed to be used as a full blown \s-1CA\s0 itself:
nevertheless some people are using it for this purpose.
.PP
The \fBca\fR command is effectively a single user command: no locking is
done on the various files and attempts to run more than one \fBca\fR command
on the same database can have unpredictable results.
.PP
The \fBcopy_extensions\fR option should be used with caution. If care is
not taken then it can be a security risk. For example if a certificate
request contains a basicConstraints extension with \s-1CA:TRUE\s0 and the
\&\fBcopy_extensions\fR value is set to \fBcopyall\fR and the user does not spot
this when the certificate is displayed then this will hand the requester
a valid \s-1CA\s0 certificate.
.PP
This situation can be avoided by setting \fBcopy_extensions\fR to \fBcopy\fR
and including basicConstraints with \s-1CA:FALSE\s0 in the configuration file.
Then if the request contains a basicConstraints extension it will be
ignored.
.PP
It is advisable to also include values for other extensions such
as \fBkeyUsage\fR to prevent a request supplying its own values.
.PP
Additional restrictions can be placed on the \s-1CA\s0 certificate itself.
For example if the \s-1CA\s0 certificate has:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& basicConstraints = CA:TRUE, pathlen:0
.Ve
.PP
then even if a certificate is issued with \s-1CA:TRUE\s0 it will not be valid.
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
Since OpenSSL 1.1.1, the program follows \s-1RFC5280.\s0 Specifically,
certificate validity period (specified by any of \fB\-startdate\fR,
\&\fB\-enddate\fR and \fB\-days\fR) will be encoded as UTCTime if the dates are
earlier than year 2049 (included), and as GeneralizedTime if the dates
are in year 2050 or later.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBreq\fR\|(1), \fBspkac\fR\|(1), \fBx509\fR\|(1), \s-1\fBCA\s0.pl\fR\|(1),
\&\fBconfig\fR\|(5), \fBx509v3_config\fR\|(5)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "CIPHERS 1"
.TH CIPHERS 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-ciphers, ciphers \- SSL cipher display and cipher list tool
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBciphers\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-s\fR]
[\fB\-v\fR]
[\fB\-V\fR]
[\fB\-ssl3\fR]
[\fB\-tls1\fR]
[\fB\-tls1_1\fR]
[\fB\-tls1_2\fR]
[\fB\-tls1_3\fR]
[\fB\-s\fR]
[\fB\-psk\fR]
[\fB\-srp\fR]
[\fB\-stdname\fR]
[\fB\-convert name\fR]
[\fB\-ciphersuites val\fR]
[\fBcipherlist\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBciphers\fR command converts textual OpenSSL cipher lists into ordered
\&\s-1SSL\s0 cipher preference lists. It can be used as a test tool to determine
the appropriate cipherlist.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-s\fR" 4
.IX Item "-s"
Only list supported ciphers: those consistent with the security level, and
minimum and maximum protocol version. This is closer to the actual cipher list
an application will support.
.Sp
\&\s-1PSK\s0 and \s-1SRP\s0 ciphers are not enabled by default: they require \fB\-psk\fR or \fB\-srp\fR
to enable them.
.Sp
It also does not change the default list of supported signature algorithms.
.Sp
On a server the list of supported ciphers might also exclude other ciphers
depending on the configured certificates and presence of \s-1DH\s0 parameters.
.Sp
If this option is not used then all ciphers that match the cipherlist will be
listed.
.IP "\fB\-psk\fR" 4
.IX Item "-psk"
When combined with \fB\-s\fR includes cipher suites which require \s-1PSK.\s0
.IP "\fB\-srp\fR" 4
.IX Item "-srp"
When combined with \fB\-s\fR includes cipher suites which require \s-1SRP.\s0
.IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4
.IX Item "-v"
Verbose output: For each cipher suite, list details as provided by
\&\fBSSL_CIPHER_description\fR\|(3).
.IP "\fB\-V\fR" 4
.IX Item "-V"
Like \fB\-v\fR, but include the official cipher suite values in hex.
.IP "\fB\-tls1_3\fR, \fB\-tls1_2\fR, \fB\-tls1_1\fR, \fB\-tls1\fR, \fB\-ssl3\fR" 4
.IX Item "-tls1_3, -tls1_2, -tls1_1, -tls1, -ssl3"
In combination with the \fB\-s\fR option, list the ciphers which could be used if
the specified protocol were negotiated.
Note that not all protocols and flags may be available, depending on how
OpenSSL was built.
.IP "\fB\-stdname\fR" 4
.IX Item "-stdname"
Precede each cipher suite by its standard name.
.IP "\fB\-convert name\fR" 4
.IX Item "-convert name"
Convert a standard cipher \fBname\fR to its OpenSSL name.
.IP "\fB\-ciphersuites val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ciphersuites val"
Sets the list of TLSv1.3 ciphersuites. This list will be combined with any
TLSv1.2 and below ciphersuites that have been configured. The format for this
list is a simple colon (\*(L":\*(R") separated list of TLSv1.3 ciphersuite names. By
default this value is:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\& TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384:TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256:TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
.Ve
.IP "\fBcipherlist\fR" 4
.IX Item "cipherlist"
A cipher list of TLSv1.2 and below ciphersuites to convert to a cipher
preference list. This list will be combined with any TLSv1.3 ciphersuites that
have been configured. If it is not included then the default cipher list will be
used. The format is described below.
.SH "CIPHER LIST FORMAT"
.IX Header "CIPHER LIST FORMAT"
The cipher list consists of one or more \fIcipher strings\fR separated by colons.
Commas or spaces are also acceptable separators but colons are normally used.
.PP
The actual cipher string can take several different forms.
.PP
It can consist of a single cipher suite such as \fB\s-1RC4\-SHA\s0\fR.
.PP
It can represent a list of cipher suites containing a certain algorithm, or
cipher suites of a certain type. For example \fB\s-1SHA1\s0\fR represents all ciphers
suites using the digest algorithm \s-1SHA1\s0 and \fBSSLv3\fR represents all \s-1SSL\s0 v3
algorithms.
.PP
Lists of cipher suites can be combined in a single cipher string using the
\&\fB+\fR character. This is used as a logical \fBand\fR operation. For example
\&\fB\s-1SHA1+DES\s0\fR represents all cipher suites containing the \s-1SHA1\s0 \fBand\fR the \s-1DES\s0
algorithms.
.PP
Each cipher string can be optionally preceded by the characters \fB!\fR,
\&\fB\-\fR or \fB+\fR.
.PP
If \fB!\fR is used then the ciphers are permanently deleted from the list.
The ciphers deleted can never reappear in the list even if they are
explicitly stated.
.PP
If \fB\-\fR is used then the ciphers are deleted from the list, but some or
all of the ciphers can be added again by later options.
.PP
If \fB+\fR is used then the ciphers are moved to the end of the list. This
option doesn't add any new ciphers it just moves matching existing ones.
.PP
If none of these characters is present then the string is just interpreted
as a list of ciphers to be appended to the current preference list. If the
list includes any ciphers already present they will be ignored: that is they
will not moved to the end of the list.
.PP
The cipher string \fB\f(CB@STRENGTH\fB\fR can be used at any point to sort the current
cipher list in order of encryption algorithm key length.
.PP
The cipher string \fB\f(CB@SECLEVEL\fB=n\fR can be used at any point to set the security
level to \fBn\fR, which should be a number between zero and five, inclusive.
See SSL_CTX_set_security_level for a description of what each level means.
.PP
The cipher list can be prefixed with the \fB\s-1DEFAULT\s0\fR keyword, which enables
the default cipher list as defined below. Unlike cipher strings,
this prefix may not be combined with other strings using \fB+\fR character.
For example, \fB\s-1DEFAULT+DES\s0\fR is not valid.
.PP
The content of the default list is determined at compile time and normally
corresponds to \fB\s-1ALL:\s0!COMPLEMENTOFDEFAULT:!eNULL\fR.
.SH "CIPHER STRINGS"
.IX Header "CIPHER STRINGS"
The following is a list of all permitted cipher strings and their meanings.
.IP "\fB\s-1COMPLEMENTOFDEFAULT\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "COMPLEMENTOFDEFAULT"
The ciphers included in \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR, but not enabled by default. Currently
this includes all \s-1RC4\s0 and anonymous ciphers. Note that this rule does
not cover \fBeNULL\fR, which is not included by \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR (use \fB\s-1COMPLEMENTOFALL\s0\fR if
necessary). Note that \s-1RC4\s0 based cipher suites are not built into OpenSSL by
default (see the enable-weak-ssl-ciphers option to Configure).
.IP "\fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "ALL"
All cipher suites except the \fBeNULL\fR ciphers (which must be explicitly enabled
if needed).
As of OpenSSL 1.0.0, the \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR cipher suites are sensibly ordered by default.
.IP "\fB\s-1COMPLEMENTOFALL\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "COMPLEMENTOFALL"
The cipher suites not enabled by \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR, currently \fBeNULL\fR.
.IP "\fB\s-1HIGH\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "HIGH"
\&\*(L"High\*(R" encryption cipher suites. This currently means those with key lengths
larger than 128 bits, and some cipher suites with 128\-bit keys.
.IP "\fB\s-1MEDIUM\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "MEDIUM"
\&\*(L"Medium\*(R" encryption cipher suites, currently some of those using 128 bit
encryption.
.IP "\fB\s-1LOW\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "LOW"
\&\*(L"Low\*(R" encryption cipher suites, currently those using 64 or 56 bit
encryption algorithms but excluding export cipher suites. All these
cipher suites have been removed as of OpenSSL 1.1.0.
.IP "\fBeNULL\fR, \fB\s-1NULL\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "eNULL, NULL"
The \*(L"\s-1NULL\*(R"\s0 ciphers that is those offering no encryption. Because these offer no
encryption at all and are a security risk they are not enabled via either the
\&\fB\s-1DEFAULT\s0\fR or \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR cipher strings.
Be careful when building cipherlists out of lower-level primitives such as
\&\fBkRSA\fR or \fBaECDSA\fR as these do overlap with the \fBeNULL\fR ciphers. When in
doubt, include \fB!eNULL\fR in your cipherlist.
.IP "\fBaNULL\fR" 4
.IX Item "aNULL"
The cipher suites offering no authentication. This is currently the anonymous
\&\s-1DH\s0 algorithms and anonymous \s-1ECDH\s0 algorithms. These cipher suites are vulnerable
to \*(L"man in the middle\*(R" attacks and so their use is discouraged.
These are excluded from the \fB\s-1DEFAULT\s0\fR ciphers, but included in the \fB\s-1ALL\s0\fR
ciphers.
Be careful when building cipherlists out of lower-level primitives such as
\&\fBkDHE\fR or \fB\s-1AES\s0\fR as these do overlap with the \fBaNULL\fR ciphers.
When in doubt, include \fB!aNULL\fR in your cipherlist.
.IP "\fBkRSA\fR, \fBaRSA\fR, \fB\s-1RSA\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "kRSA, aRSA, RSA"
Cipher suites using \s-1RSA\s0 key exchange or authentication. \fB\s-1RSA\s0\fR is an alias for
\&\fBkRSA\fR.
.IP "\fBkDHr\fR, \fBkDHd\fR, \fBkDH\fR" 4
.IX Item "kDHr, kDHd, kDH"
Cipher suites using static \s-1DH\s0 key agreement and \s-1DH\s0 certificates signed by CAs
with \s-1RSA\s0 and \s-1DSS\s0 keys or either respectively.
All these cipher suites have been removed in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
.IP "\fBkDHE\fR, \fBkEDH\fR, \fB\s-1DH\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "kDHE, kEDH, DH"
Cipher suites using ephemeral \s-1DH\s0 key agreement, including anonymous cipher
suites.
.IP "\fB\s-1DHE\s0\fR, \fB\s-1EDH\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "DHE, EDH"
Cipher suites using authenticated ephemeral \s-1DH\s0 key agreement.
.IP "\fB\s-1ADH\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "ADH"
Anonymous \s-1DH\s0 cipher suites, note that this does not include anonymous Elliptic
Curve \s-1DH\s0 (\s-1ECDH\s0) cipher suites.
.IP "\fBkEECDH\fR, \fBkECDHE\fR, \fB\s-1ECDH\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "kEECDH, kECDHE, ECDH"
Cipher suites using ephemeral \s-1ECDH\s0 key agreement, including anonymous
cipher suites.
.IP "\fB\s-1ECDHE\s0\fR, \fB\s-1EECDH\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "ECDHE, EECDH"
Cipher suites using authenticated ephemeral \s-1ECDH\s0 key agreement.
.IP "\fB\s-1AECDH\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "AECDH"
Anonymous Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman cipher suites.
.IP "\fBaDSS\fR, \fB\s-1DSS\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "aDSS, DSS"
Cipher suites using \s-1DSS\s0 authentication, i.e. the certificates carry \s-1DSS\s0 keys.
.IP "\fBaDH\fR" 4
.IX Item "aDH"
Cipher suites effectively using \s-1DH\s0 authentication, i.e. the certificates carry
\&\s-1DH\s0 keys.
All these cipher suites have been removed in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
.IP "\fBaECDSA\fR, \fB\s-1ECDSA\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "aECDSA, ECDSA"
Cipher suites using \s-1ECDSA\s0 authentication, i.e. the certificates carry \s-1ECDSA\s0
keys.
.IP "\fBTLSv1.2\fR, \fBTLSv1.0\fR, \fBSSLv3\fR" 4
.IX Item "TLSv1.2, TLSv1.0, SSLv3"
Lists cipher suites which are only supported in at least \s-1TLS\s0 v1.2, \s-1TLS\s0 v1.0 or
\&\s-1SSL\s0 v3.0 respectively.
Note: there are no cipher suites specific to \s-1TLS\s0 v1.1.
Since this is only the minimum version, if, for example, TLSv1.0 is negotiated
then both TLSv1.0 and SSLv3.0 cipher suites are available.
.Sp
Note: these cipher strings \fBdo not\fR change the negotiated version of \s-1SSL\s0 or
\&\s-1TLS,\s0 they only affect the list of available cipher suites.
.IP "\fB\s-1AES128\s0\fR, \fB\s-1AES256\s0\fR, \fB\s-1AES\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "AES128, AES256, AES"
cipher suites using 128 bit \s-1AES, 256\s0 bit \s-1AES\s0 or either 128 or 256 bit \s-1AES.\s0
.IP "\fB\s-1AESGCM\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "AESGCM"
\&\s-1AES\s0 in Galois Counter Mode (\s-1GCM\s0): these cipher suites are only supported
in \s-1TLS\s0 v1.2.
.IP "\fB\s-1AESCCM\s0\fR, \fB\s-1AESCCM8\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "AESCCM, AESCCM8"
\&\s-1AES\s0 in Cipher Block Chaining \- Message Authentication Mode (\s-1CCM\s0): these
cipher suites are only supported in \s-1TLS\s0 v1.2. \fB\s-1AESCCM\s0\fR references \s-1CCM\s0
cipher suites using both 16 and 8 octet Integrity Check Value (\s-1ICV\s0)
while \fB\s-1AESCCM8\s0\fR only references 8 octet \s-1ICV.\s0
.IP "\fB\s-1ARIA128\s0\fR, \fB\s-1ARIA256\s0\fR, \fB\s-1ARIA\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "ARIA128, ARIA256, ARIA"
Cipher suites using 128 bit \s-1ARIA, 256\s0 bit \s-1ARIA\s0 or either 128 or 256 bit
\&\s-1ARIA.\s0
.IP "\fB\s-1CAMELLIA128\s0\fR, \fB\s-1CAMELLIA256\s0\fR, \fB\s-1CAMELLIA\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "CAMELLIA128, CAMELLIA256, CAMELLIA"
Cipher suites using 128 bit \s-1CAMELLIA, 256\s0 bit \s-1CAMELLIA\s0 or either 128 or 256 bit
\&\s-1CAMELLIA.\s0
.IP "\fB\s-1CHACHA20\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "CHACHA20"
Cipher suites using ChaCha20.
.IP "\fB3DES\fR" 4
.IX Item "3DES"
Cipher suites using triple \s-1DES.\s0
.IP "\fB\s-1DES\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "DES"
Cipher suites using \s-1DES\s0 (not triple \s-1DES\s0).
All these cipher suites have been removed in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
.IP "\fB\s-1RC4\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "RC4"
Cipher suites using \s-1RC4.\s0
.IP "\fB\s-1RC2\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "RC2"
Cipher suites using \s-1RC2.\s0
.IP "\fB\s-1IDEA\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "IDEA"
Cipher suites using \s-1IDEA.\s0
.IP "\fB\s-1SEED\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "SEED"
Cipher suites using \s-1SEED.\s0
.IP "\fB\s-1MD5\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "MD5"
Cipher suites using \s-1MD5.\s0
.IP "\fB\s-1SHA1\s0\fR, \fB\s-1SHA\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "SHA1, SHA"
Cipher suites using \s-1SHA1.\s0
.IP "\fB\s-1SHA256\s0\fR, \fB\s-1SHA384\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "SHA256, SHA384"
Cipher suites using \s-1SHA256\s0 or \s-1SHA384.\s0
.IP "\fBaGOST\fR" 4
.IX Item "aGOST"
Cipher suites using \s-1GOST R 34.10\s0 (either 2001 or 94) for authentication
(needs an engine supporting \s-1GOST\s0 algorithms).
.IP "\fBaGOST01\fR" 4
.IX Item "aGOST01"
Cipher suites using \s-1GOST R 34.10\-2001\s0 authentication.
.IP "\fBkGOST\fR" 4
.IX Item "kGOST"
Cipher suites, using \s-1VKO 34.10\s0 key exchange, specified in the \s-1RFC 4357.\s0
.IP "\fB\s-1GOST94\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "GOST94"
Cipher suites, using \s-1HMAC\s0 based on \s-1GOST R 34.11\-94.\s0
.IP "\fB\s-1GOST89MAC\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "GOST89MAC"
Cipher suites using \s-1GOST 28147\-89 MAC\s0 \fBinstead of\fR \s-1HMAC.\s0
.IP "\fB\s-1PSK\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "PSK"
All cipher suites using pre-shared keys (\s-1PSK\s0).
.IP "\fBkPSK\fR, \fBkECDHEPSK\fR, \fBkDHEPSK\fR, \fBkRSAPSK\fR" 4
.IX Item "kPSK, kECDHEPSK, kDHEPSK, kRSAPSK"
Cipher suites using \s-1PSK\s0 key exchange, \s-1ECDHE_PSK, DHE_PSK\s0 or \s-1RSA_PSK.\s0
.IP "\fBaPSK\fR" 4
.IX Item "aPSK"
Cipher suites using \s-1PSK\s0 authentication (currently all \s-1PSK\s0 modes apart from
\&\s-1RSA_PSK\s0).
.IP "\fB\s-1SUITEB128\s0\fR, \fB\s-1SUITEB128ONLY\s0\fR, \fB\s-1SUITEB192\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "SUITEB128, SUITEB128ONLY, SUITEB192"
Enables suite B mode of operation using 128 (permitting 192 bit mode by peer)
128 bit (not permitting 192 bit by peer) or 192 bit level of security
respectively.
If used these cipherstrings should appear first in the cipher
list and anything after them is ignored.
Setting Suite B mode has additional consequences required to comply with
\&\s-1RFC6460.\s0
In particular the supported signature algorithms is reduced to support only
\&\s-1ECDSA\s0 and \s-1SHA256\s0 or \s-1SHA384,\s0 only the elliptic curves P\-256 and P\-384 can be
used and only the two suite B compliant cipher suites
(\s-1ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256\s0 and \s-1ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384\s0) are
permissible.
.SH "CIPHER SUITE NAMES"
.IX Header "CIPHER SUITE NAMES"
The following lists give the \s-1SSL\s0 or \s-1TLS\s0 cipher suites names from the
relevant specification and their OpenSSL equivalents. It should be noted,
that several cipher suite names do not include the authentication used,
e.g. \s-1DES\-CBC3\-SHA.\s0 In these cases, \s-1RSA\s0 authentication is used.
.SS "\s-1SSL\s0 v3.0 cipher suites"
.IX Subsection "SSL v3.0 cipher suites"
.Vb 6
\& SSL_RSA_WITH_NULL_MD5 NULL\-MD5
\& SSL_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA NULL\-SHA
\& SSL_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5 RC4\-MD5
\& SSL_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA RC4\-SHA
\& SSL_RSA_WITH_IDEA_CBC_SHA IDEA\-CBC\-SHA
\& SSL_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA DES\-CBC3\-SHA
\&
\& SSL_DH_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA DH\-DSS\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA
\& SSL_DH_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA DH\-RSA\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA
\& SSL_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA DHE\-DSS\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA
\& SSL_DHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA DHE\-RSA\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA
\&
\& SSL_DH_anon_WITH_RC4_128_MD5 ADH\-RC4\-MD5
\& SSL_DH_anon_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA ADH\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA
\&
\& SSL_FORTEZZA_KEA_WITH_NULL_SHA Not implemented.
\& SSL_FORTEZZA_KEA_WITH_FORTEZZA_CBC_SHA Not implemented.
\& SSL_FORTEZZA_KEA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA Not implemented.
.Ve
.SS "\s-1TLS\s0 v1.0 cipher suites"
.IX Subsection "TLS v1.0 cipher suites"
.Vb 6
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_NULL_MD5 NULL\-MD5
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA NULL\-SHA
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5 RC4\-MD5
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA RC4\-SHA
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_IDEA_CBC_SHA IDEA\-CBC\-SHA
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA DES\-CBC3\-SHA
\&
\& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA Not implemented.
\& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA Not implemented.
\& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA DHE\-DSS\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA
\& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA DHE\-RSA\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA
\&
\& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_RC4_128_MD5 ADH\-RC4\-MD5
\& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA ADH\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA
.Ve
.SS "\s-1AES\s0 cipher suites from \s-1RFC3268,\s0 extending \s-1TLS\s0 v1.0"
.IX Subsection "AES cipher suites from RFC3268, extending TLS v1.0"
.Vb 2
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA AES128\-SHA
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA AES256\-SHA
\&
\& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA DH\-DSS\-AES128\-SHA
\& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA DH\-DSS\-AES256\-SHA
\& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA DH\-RSA\-AES128\-SHA
\& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA DH\-RSA\-AES256\-SHA
\&
\& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA DHE\-DSS\-AES128\-SHA
\& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA DHE\-DSS\-AES256\-SHA
\& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA DHE\-RSA\-AES128\-SHA
\& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA DHE\-RSA\-AES256\-SHA
\&
\& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA ADH\-AES128\-SHA
\& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA ADH\-AES256\-SHA
.Ve
.SS "Camellia cipher suites from \s-1RFC4132,\s0 extending \s-1TLS\s0 v1.0"
.IX Subsection "Camellia cipher suites from RFC4132, extending TLS v1.0"
.Vb 2
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA CAMELLIA128\-SHA
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA CAMELLIA256\-SHA
\&
\& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA DH\-DSS\-CAMELLIA128\-SHA
\& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA DH\-DSS\-CAMELLIA256\-SHA
\& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA DH\-RSA\-CAMELLIA128\-SHA
\& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA DH\-RSA\-CAMELLIA256\-SHA
\&
\& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA DHE\-DSS\-CAMELLIA128\-SHA
\& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA DHE\-DSS\-CAMELLIA256\-SHA
\& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA DHE\-RSA\-CAMELLIA128\-SHA
\& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA DHE\-RSA\-CAMELLIA256\-SHA
\&
\& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA ADH\-CAMELLIA128\-SHA
\& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA ADH\-CAMELLIA256\-SHA
.Ve
.SS "\s-1SEED\s0 cipher suites from \s-1RFC4162,\s0 extending \s-1TLS\s0 v1.0"
.IX Subsection "SEED cipher suites from RFC4162, extending TLS v1.0"
.Vb 1
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_SEED_CBC_SHA SEED\-SHA
\&
\& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_SEED_CBC_SHA DH\-DSS\-SEED\-SHA
\& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_SEED_CBC_SHA DH\-RSA\-SEED\-SHA
\&
\& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_SEED_CBC_SHA DHE\-DSS\-SEED\-SHA
\& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_SEED_CBC_SHA DHE\-RSA\-SEED\-SHA
\&
\& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_SEED_CBC_SHA ADH\-SEED\-SHA
.Ve
.SS "\s-1GOST\s0 cipher suites from draft-chudov-cryptopro-cptls, extending \s-1TLS\s0 v1.0"
.IX Subsection "GOST cipher suites from draft-chudov-cryptopro-cptls, extending TLS v1.0"
Note: these ciphers require an engine which including \s-1GOST\s0 cryptographic
algorithms, such as the \fBccgost\fR engine, included in the OpenSSL distribution.
.PP
.Vb 4
\& TLS_GOSTR341094_WITH_28147_CNT_IMIT GOST94\-GOST89\-GOST89
\& TLS_GOSTR341001_WITH_28147_CNT_IMIT GOST2001\-GOST89\-GOST89
\& TLS_GOSTR341094_WITH_NULL_GOSTR3411 GOST94\-NULL\-GOST94
\& TLS_GOSTR341001_WITH_NULL_GOSTR3411 GOST2001\-NULL\-GOST94
.Ve
.SS "Additional Export 1024 and other cipher suites"
.IX Subsection "Additional Export 1024 and other cipher suites"
Note: these ciphers can also be used in \s-1SSL\s0 v3.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_RC4_128_SHA DHE\-DSS\-RC4\-SHA
.Ve
.SS "Elliptic curve cipher suites."
.IX Subsection "Elliptic curve cipher suites."
.Vb 5
\& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA ECDHE\-RSA\-NULL\-SHA
\& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA ECDHE\-RSA\-RC4\-SHA
\& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA ECDHE\-RSA\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA
\& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA ECDHE\-RSA\-AES128\-SHA
\& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA ECDHE\-RSA\-AES256\-SHA
\&
\& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_NULL_SHA ECDHE\-ECDSA\-NULL\-SHA
\& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA ECDHE\-ECDSA\-RC4\-SHA
\& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA ECDHE\-ECDSA\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA
\& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES128\-SHA
\& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES256\-SHA
\&
\& TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_NULL_SHA AECDH\-NULL\-SHA
\& TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_RC4_128_SHA AECDH\-RC4\-SHA
\& TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA AECDH\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA
\& TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA AECDH\-AES128\-SHA
\& TLS_ECDH_anon_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA AECDH\-AES256\-SHA
.Ve
.SS "\s-1TLS\s0 v1.2 cipher suites"
.IX Subsection "TLS v1.2 cipher suites"
.Vb 1
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA256 NULL\-SHA256
\&
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 AES128\-SHA256
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256 AES256\-SHA256
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 AES128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 AES256\-GCM\-SHA384
\&
\& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 DH\-RSA\-AES128\-SHA256
\& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256 DH\-RSA\-AES256\-SHA256
\& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 DH\-RSA\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& TLS_DH_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 DH\-RSA\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384
\&
\& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 DH\-DSS\-AES128\-SHA256
\& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256 DH\-DSS\-AES256\-SHA256
\& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 DH\-DSS\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& TLS_DH_DSS_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 DH\-DSS\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384
\&
\& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 DHE\-RSA\-AES128\-SHA256
\& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256 DHE\-RSA\-AES256\-SHA256
\& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 DHE\-RSA\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 DHE\-RSA\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384
\&
\& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 DHE\-DSS\-AES128\-SHA256
\& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256 DHE\-DSS\-AES256\-SHA256
\& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 DHE\-DSS\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 DHE\-DSS\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384
\&
\& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 ECDHE\-RSA\-AES128\-SHA256
\& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384 ECDHE\-RSA\-AES256\-SHA384
\& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 ECDHE\-RSA\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 ECDHE\-RSA\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384
\&
\& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES128\-SHA256
\& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384 ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES256\-SHA384
\& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384
\&
\& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 ADH\-AES128\-SHA256
\& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256 ADH\-AES256\-SHA256
\& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 ADH\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& TLS_DH_anon_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 ADH\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384
\&
\& RSA_WITH_AES_128_CCM AES128\-CCM
\& RSA_WITH_AES_256_CCM AES256\-CCM
\& DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CCM DHE\-RSA\-AES128\-CCM
\& DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CCM DHE\-RSA\-AES256\-CCM
\& RSA_WITH_AES_128_CCM_8 AES128\-CCM8
\& RSA_WITH_AES_256_CCM_8 AES256\-CCM8
\& DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CCM_8 DHE\-RSA\-AES128\-CCM8
\& DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CCM_8 DHE\-RSA\-AES256\-CCM8
\& ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CCM ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES128\-CCM
\& ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CCM ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES256\-CCM
\& ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CCM_8 ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES128\-CCM8
\& ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CCM_8 ECDHE\-ECDSA\-AES256\-CCM8
.Ve
.SS "\s-1ARIA\s0 cipher suites from \s-1RFC6209,\s0 extending \s-1TLS\s0 v1.2"
.IX Subsection "ARIA cipher suites from RFC6209, extending TLS v1.2"
Note: the \s-1CBC\s0 modes mentioned in this \s-1RFC\s0 are not supported.
.PP
.Vb 10
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_ARIA_128_GCM_SHA256 ARIA128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& TLS_RSA_WITH_ARIA_256_GCM_SHA384 ARIA256\-GCM\-SHA384
\& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_ARIA_128_GCM_SHA256 DHE\-RSA\-ARIA128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_ARIA_256_GCM_SHA384 DHE\-RSA\-ARIA256\-GCM\-SHA384
\& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_ARIA_128_GCM_SHA256 DHE\-DSS\-ARIA128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_ARIA_256_GCM_SHA384 DHE\-DSS\-ARIA256\-GCM\-SHA384
\& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_ARIA_128_GCM_SHA256 ECDHE\-ECDSA\-ARIA128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_ARIA_256_GCM_SHA384 ECDHE\-ECDSA\-ARIA256\-GCM\-SHA384
\& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_ARIA_128_GCM_SHA256 ECDHE\-ARIA128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_ARIA_256_GCM_SHA384 ECDHE\-ARIA256\-GCM\-SHA384
\& TLS_PSK_WITH_ARIA_128_GCM_SHA256 PSK\-ARIA128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& TLS_PSK_WITH_ARIA_256_GCM_SHA384 PSK\-ARIA256\-GCM\-SHA384
\& TLS_DHE_PSK_WITH_ARIA_128_GCM_SHA256 DHE\-PSK\-ARIA128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& TLS_DHE_PSK_WITH_ARIA_256_GCM_SHA384 DHE\-PSK\-ARIA256\-GCM\-SHA384
\& TLS_RSA_PSK_WITH_ARIA_128_GCM_SHA256 RSA\-PSK\-ARIA128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& TLS_RSA_PSK_WITH_ARIA_256_GCM_SHA384 RSA\-PSK\-ARIA256\-GCM\-SHA384
.Ve
.SS "Camellia HMAC-Based cipher suites from \s-1RFC6367,\s0 extending \s-1TLS\s0 v1.2"
.IX Subsection "Camellia HMAC-Based cipher suites from RFC6367, extending TLS v1.2"
.Vb 4
\& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA256 ECDHE\-ECDSA\-CAMELLIA128\-SHA256
\& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA384 ECDHE\-ECDSA\-CAMELLIA256\-SHA384
\& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA256 ECDHE\-RSA\-CAMELLIA128\-SHA256
\& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA384 ECDHE\-RSA\-CAMELLIA256\-SHA384
.Ve
.SS "Pre-shared keying (\s-1PSK\s0) cipher suites"
.IX Subsection "Pre-shared keying (PSK) cipher suites"
.Vb 3
\& PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA PSK\-NULL\-SHA
\& DHE_PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA DHE\-PSK\-NULL\-SHA
\& RSA_PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA RSA\-PSK\-NULL\-SHA
\&
\& PSK_WITH_RC4_128_SHA PSK\-RC4\-SHA
\& PSK_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA PSK\-3DES\-EDE\-CBC\-SHA
\& PSK_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA PSK\-AES128\-CBC\-SHA
\& PSK_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA PSK\-AES256\-CBC\-SHA
\&
\& DHE_PSK_WITH_RC4_128_SHA DHE\-PSK\-RC4\-SHA
\& DHE_PSK_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA DHE\-PSK\-3DES\-EDE\-CBC\-SHA
\& DHE_PSK_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA DHE\-PSK\-AES128\-CBC\-SHA
\& DHE_PSK_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA DHE\-PSK\-AES256\-CBC\-SHA
\&
\& RSA_PSK_WITH_RC4_128_SHA RSA\-PSK\-RC4\-SHA
\& RSA_PSK_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA RSA\-PSK\-3DES\-EDE\-CBC\-SHA
\& RSA_PSK_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA RSA\-PSK\-AES128\-CBC\-SHA
\& RSA_PSK_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA RSA\-PSK\-AES256\-CBC\-SHA
\&
\& PSK_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 PSK\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& PSK_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 PSK\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384
\& DHE_PSK_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 DHE\-PSK\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& DHE_PSK_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 DHE\-PSK\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384
\& RSA_PSK_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 RSA\-PSK\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& RSA_PSK_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 RSA\-PSK\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384
\&
\& PSK_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 PSK\-AES128\-CBC\-SHA256
\& PSK_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384 PSK\-AES256\-CBC\-SHA384
\& PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA256 PSK\-NULL\-SHA256
\& PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA384 PSK\-NULL\-SHA384
\& DHE_PSK_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 DHE\-PSK\-AES128\-CBC\-SHA256
\& DHE_PSK_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384 DHE\-PSK\-AES256\-CBC\-SHA384
\& DHE_PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA256 DHE\-PSK\-NULL\-SHA256
\& DHE_PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA384 DHE\-PSK\-NULL\-SHA384
\& RSA_PSK_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 RSA\-PSK\-AES128\-CBC\-SHA256
\& RSA_PSK_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384 RSA\-PSK\-AES256\-CBC\-SHA384
\& RSA_PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA256 RSA\-PSK\-NULL\-SHA256
\& RSA_PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA384 RSA\-PSK\-NULL\-SHA384
\& PSK_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 PSK\-AES128\-GCM\-SHA256
\& PSK_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 PSK\-AES256\-GCM\-SHA384
\&
\& ECDHE_PSK_WITH_RC4_128_SHA ECDHE\-PSK\-RC4\-SHA
\& ECDHE_PSK_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA ECDHE\-PSK\-3DES\-EDE\-CBC\-SHA
\& ECDHE_PSK_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA ECDHE\-PSK\-AES128\-CBC\-SHA
\& ECDHE_PSK_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA ECDHE\-PSK\-AES256\-CBC\-SHA
\& ECDHE_PSK_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 ECDHE\-PSK\-AES128\-CBC\-SHA256
\& ECDHE_PSK_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384 ECDHE\-PSK\-AES256\-CBC\-SHA384
\& ECDHE_PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA ECDHE\-PSK\-NULL\-SHA
\& ECDHE_PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA256 ECDHE\-PSK\-NULL\-SHA256
\& ECDHE_PSK_WITH_NULL_SHA384 ECDHE\-PSK\-NULL\-SHA384
\&
\& PSK_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA256 PSK\-CAMELLIA128\-SHA256
\& PSK_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA384 PSK\-CAMELLIA256\-SHA384
\&
\& DHE_PSK_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA256 DHE\-PSK\-CAMELLIA128\-SHA256
\& DHE_PSK_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA384 DHE\-PSK\-CAMELLIA256\-SHA384
\&
\& RSA_PSK_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA256 RSA\-PSK\-CAMELLIA128\-SHA256
\& RSA_PSK_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA384 RSA\-PSK\-CAMELLIA256\-SHA384
\&
\& ECDHE_PSK_WITH_CAMELLIA_128_CBC_SHA256 ECDHE\-PSK\-CAMELLIA128\-SHA256
\& ECDHE_PSK_WITH_CAMELLIA_256_CBC_SHA384 ECDHE\-PSK\-CAMELLIA256\-SHA384
\&
\& PSK_WITH_AES_128_CCM PSK\-AES128\-CCM
\& PSK_WITH_AES_256_CCM PSK\-AES256\-CCM
\& DHE_PSK_WITH_AES_128_CCM DHE\-PSK\-AES128\-CCM
\& DHE_PSK_WITH_AES_256_CCM DHE\-PSK\-AES256\-CCM
\& PSK_WITH_AES_128_CCM_8 PSK\-AES128\-CCM8
\& PSK_WITH_AES_256_CCM_8 PSK\-AES256\-CCM8
\& DHE_PSK_WITH_AES_128_CCM_8 DHE\-PSK\-AES128\-CCM8
\& DHE_PSK_WITH_AES_256_CCM_8 DHE\-PSK\-AES256\-CCM8
.Ve
.SS "ChaCha20\-Poly1305 cipher suites, extending \s-1TLS\s0 v1.2"
.IX Subsection "ChaCha20-Poly1305 cipher suites, extending TLS v1.2"
.Vb 7
\& TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 ECDHE\-RSA\-CHACHA20\-POLY1305
\& TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 ECDHE\-ECDSA\-CHACHA20\-POLY1305
\& TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 DHE\-RSA\-CHACHA20\-POLY1305
\& TLS_PSK_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 PSK\-CHACHA20\-POLY1305
\& TLS_ECDHE_PSK_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 ECDHE\-PSK\-CHACHA20\-POLY1305
\& TLS_DHE_PSK_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 DHE\-PSK\-CHACHA20\-POLY1305
\& TLS_RSA_PSK_WITH_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 RSA\-PSK\-CHACHA20\-POLY1305
.Ve
.SS "\s-1TLS\s0 v1.3 cipher suites"
.IX Subsection "TLS v1.3 cipher suites"
.Vb 5
\& TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 TLS_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
\& TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
\& TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256 TLS_CHACHA20_POLY1305_SHA256
\& TLS_AES_128_CCM_SHA256 TLS_AES_128_CCM_SHA256
\& TLS_AES_128_CCM_8_SHA256 TLS_AES_128_CCM_8_SHA256
.Ve
.SS "Older names used by OpenSSL"
.IX Subsection "Older names used by OpenSSL"
The following names are accepted by older releases:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& SSL_DHE_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA EDH\-RSA\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA (DHE\-RSA\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA)
\& SSL_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA EDH\-DSS\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA (DHE\-DSS\-DES\-CBC3\-SHA)
.Ve
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
Some compiled versions of OpenSSL may not include all the ciphers
listed here because some ciphers were excluded at compile time.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Verbose listing of all OpenSSL ciphers including \s-1NULL\s0 ciphers:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ciphers \-v \*(AqALL:eNULL\*(Aq
.Ve
.PP
Include all ciphers except \s-1NULL\s0 and anonymous \s-1DH\s0 then sort by
strength:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ciphers \-v \*(AqALL:!ADH:@STRENGTH\*(Aq
.Ve
.PP
Include all ciphers except ones with no encryption (eNULL) or no
authentication (aNULL):
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ciphers \-v \*(AqALL:!aNULL\*(Aq
.Ve
.PP
Include only 3DES ciphers and then place \s-1RSA\s0 ciphers last:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ciphers \-v \*(Aq3DES:+RSA\*(Aq
.Ve
.PP
Include all \s-1RC4\s0 ciphers but leave out those without authentication:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ciphers \-v \*(AqRC4:!COMPLEMENTOFDEFAULT\*(Aq
.Ve
.PP
Include all ciphers with \s-1RSA\s0 authentication but leave out ciphers without
encryption.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ciphers \-v \*(AqRSA:!COMPLEMENTOFALL\*(Aq
.Ve
.PP
Set security level to 2 and display all ciphers consistent with level 2:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ciphers \-s \-v \*(AqALL:@SECLEVEL=2\*(Aq
.Ve
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBs_client\fR\|(1), \fBs_server\fR\|(1), \fBssl\fR\|(7)
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
The \fB\-V\fR option for the \fBciphers\fR command was added in OpenSSL 1.0.0.
.PP
The \fB\-stdname\fR is only available if OpenSSL is built with tracing enabled
(\fBenable-ssl-trace\fR argument to Configure) before OpenSSL 1.1.1.
.PP
The \fB\-convert\fR option was added in OpenSSL 1.1.1.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

820
deps/openssl/mingw64/share/man/man1/cms.1 vendored Normal file
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@ -0,0 +1,820 @@
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.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u'
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.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
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.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
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.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
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. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "CMS 1"
.TH CMS 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-cms, cms \- CMS utility
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBcms\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-encrypt\fR]
[\fB\-decrypt\fR]
[\fB\-sign\fR]
[\fB\-verify\fR]
[\fB\-cmsout\fR]
[\fB\-resign\fR]
[\fB\-data_create\fR]
[\fB\-data_out\fR]
[\fB\-digest_create\fR]
[\fB\-digest_verify\fR]
[\fB\-compress\fR]
[\fB\-uncompress\fR]
[\fB\-EncryptedData_encrypt\fR]
[\fB\-sign_receipt\fR]
[\fB\-verify_receipt receipt\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-inform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-rctform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-outform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-stream \-indef \-noindef\fR]
[\fB\-noindef\fR]
[\fB\-content filename\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-print\fR]
[\fB\-CAfile file\fR]
[\fB\-CApath dir\fR]
[\fB\-no\-CAfile\fR]
[\fB\-no\-CApath\fR]
[\fB\-attime timestamp\fR]
[\fB\-check_ss_sig\fR]
[\fB\-crl_check\fR]
[\fB\-crl_check_all\fR]
[\fB\-explicit_policy\fR]
[\fB\-extended_crl\fR]
[\fB\-ignore_critical\fR]
[\fB\-inhibit_any\fR]
[\fB\-inhibit_map\fR]
[\fB\-no_check_time\fR]
[\fB\-partial_chain\fR]
[\fB\-policy arg\fR]
[\fB\-policy_check\fR]
[\fB\-policy_print\fR]
[\fB\-purpose purpose\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_128\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_128_only\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_192\fR]
[\fB\-trusted_first\fR]
[\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR]
[\fB\-use_deltas\fR]
[\fB\-auth_level num\fR]
[\fB\-verify_depth num\fR]
[\fB\-verify_email email\fR]
[\fB\-verify_hostname hostname\fR]
[\fB\-verify_ip ip\fR]
[\fB\-verify_name name\fR]
[\fB\-x509_strict\fR]
[\fB\-md digest\fR]
[\fB\-\f(BIcipher\fB\fR]
[\fB\-nointern\fR]
[\fB\-noverify\fR]
[\fB\-nocerts\fR]
[\fB\-noattr\fR]
[\fB\-nosmimecap\fR]
[\fB\-binary\fR]
[\fB\-crlfeol\fR]
[\fB\-asciicrlf\fR]
[\fB\-nodetach\fR]
[\fB\-certfile file\fR]
[\fB\-certsout file\fR]
[\fB\-signer file\fR]
[\fB\-recip file\fR]
[\fB\-keyid\fR]
[\fB\-receipt_request_all\fR]
[\fB\-receipt_request_first\fR]
[\fB\-receipt_request_from emailaddress\fR]
[\fB\-receipt_request_to emailaddress\fR]
[\fB\-receipt_request_print\fR]
[\fB\-secretkey key\fR]
[\fB\-secretkeyid id\fR]
[\fB\-econtent_type type\fR]
[\fB\-inkey file\fR]
[\fB\-keyopt name:parameter\fR]
[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fBcert.pem...\fR]
[\fB\-to addr\fR]
[\fB\-from addr\fR]
[\fB\-subject subj\fR]
[cert.pem]...
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBcms\fR command handles S/MIME v3.1 mail. It can encrypt, decrypt, sign and
verify, compress and uncompress S/MIME messages.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
There are fourteen operation options that set the type of operation to be
performed. The meaning of the other options varies according to the operation
type.
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-encrypt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-encrypt"
Encrypt mail for the given recipient certificates. Input file is the message
to be encrypted. The output file is the encrypted mail in \s-1MIME\s0 format. The
actual \s-1CMS\s0 type is <B>EnvelopedData<B>.
.Sp
Note that no revocation check is done for the recipient cert, so if that
key has been compromised, others may be able to decrypt the text.
.IP "\fB\-decrypt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-decrypt"
Decrypt mail using the supplied certificate and private key. Expects an
encrypted mail message in \s-1MIME\s0 format for the input file. The decrypted mail
is written to the output file.
.IP "\fB\-debug_decrypt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-debug_decrypt"
This option sets the \fB\s-1CMS_DEBUG_DECRYPT\s0\fR flag. This option should be used
with caution: see the notes section below.
.IP "\fB\-sign\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sign"
Sign mail using the supplied certificate and private key. Input file is
the message to be signed. The signed message in \s-1MIME\s0 format is written
to the output file.
.IP "\fB\-verify\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify"
Verify signed mail. Expects a signed mail message on input and outputs
the signed data. Both clear text and opaque signing is supported.
.IP "\fB\-cmsout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cmsout"
Takes an input message and writes out a \s-1PEM\s0 encoded \s-1CMS\s0 structure.
.IP "\fB\-resign\fR" 4
.IX Item "-resign"
Resign a message: take an existing message and one or more new signers.
.IP "\fB\-data_create\fR" 4
.IX Item "-data_create"
Create a \s-1CMS\s0 \fBData\fR type.
.IP "\fB\-data_out\fR" 4
.IX Item "-data_out"
\&\fBData\fR type and output the content.
.IP "\fB\-digest_create\fR" 4
.IX Item "-digest_create"
Create a \s-1CMS\s0 \fBDigestedData\fR type.
.IP "\fB\-digest_verify\fR" 4
.IX Item "-digest_verify"
Verify a \s-1CMS\s0 \fBDigestedData\fR type and output the content.
.IP "\fB\-compress\fR" 4
.IX Item "-compress"
Create a \s-1CMS\s0 \fBCompressedData\fR type. OpenSSL must be compiled with \fBzlib\fR
support for this option to work, otherwise it will output an error.
.IP "\fB\-uncompress\fR" 4
.IX Item "-uncompress"
Uncompress a \s-1CMS\s0 \fBCompressedData\fR type and output the content. OpenSSL must be
compiled with \fBzlib\fR support for this option to work, otherwise it will
output an error.
.IP "\fB\-EncryptedData_encrypt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-EncryptedData_encrypt"
Encrypt content using supplied symmetric key and algorithm using a \s-1CMS\s0
\&\fBEncryptedData\fR type and output the content.
.IP "\fB\-sign_receipt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sign_receipt"
Generate and output a signed receipt for the supplied message. The input
message \fBmust\fR contain a signed receipt request. Functionality is otherwise
similar to the \fB\-sign\fR operation.
.IP "\fB\-verify_receipt receipt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify_receipt receipt"
Verify a signed receipt in filename \fBreceipt\fR. The input message \fBmust\fR
contain the original receipt request. Functionality is otherwise similar
to the \fB\-verify\fR operation.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
The input message to be encrypted or signed or the message to be decrypted
or verified.
.IP "\fB\-inform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform SMIME|PEM|DER"
This specifies the input format for the \s-1CMS\s0 structure. The default
is \fB\s-1SMIME\s0\fR which reads an S/MIME format message. \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR and \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR
format change this to expect \s-1PEM\s0 and \s-1DER\s0 format \s-1CMS\s0 structures
instead. This currently only affects the input format of the \s-1CMS\s0
structure, if no \s-1CMS\s0 structure is being input (for example with
\&\fB\-encrypt\fR or \fB\-sign\fR) this option has no effect.
.IP "\fB\-rctform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rctform SMIME|PEM|DER"
Specify the format for a signed receipt for use with the \fB\-receipt_verify\fR
operation.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
The message text that has been decrypted or verified or the output \s-1MIME\s0
format message that has been signed or verified.
.IP "\fB\-outform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform SMIME|PEM|DER"
This specifies the output format for the \s-1CMS\s0 structure. The default
is \fB\s-1SMIME\s0\fR which writes an S/MIME format message. \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR and \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR
format change this to write \s-1PEM\s0 and \s-1DER\s0 format \s-1CMS\s0 structures
instead. This currently only affects the output format of the \s-1CMS\s0
structure, if no \s-1CMS\s0 structure is being output (for example with
\&\fB\-verify\fR or \fB\-decrypt\fR) this option has no effect.
.IP "\fB\-stream \-indef \-noindef\fR" 4
.IX Item "-stream -indef -noindef"
The \fB\-stream\fR and \fB\-indef\fR options are equivalent and enable streaming I/O
for encoding operations. This permits single pass processing of data without
the need to hold the entire contents in memory, potentially supporting very
large files. Streaming is automatically set for S/MIME signing with detached
data if the output format is \fB\s-1SMIME\s0\fR it is currently off by default for all
other operations.
.IP "\fB\-noindef\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noindef"
Disable streaming I/O where it would produce and indefinite length constructed
encoding. This option currently has no effect. In future streaming will be
enabled by default on all relevant operations and this option will disable it.
.IP "\fB\-content filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-content filename"
This specifies a file containing the detached content, this is only
useful with the \fB\-verify\fR command. This is only usable if the \s-1CMS\s0
structure is using the detached signature form where the content is
not included. This option will override any content if the input format
is S/MIME and it uses the multipart/signed \s-1MIME\s0 content type.
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
This option adds plain text (text/plain) \s-1MIME\s0 headers to the supplied
message if encrypting or signing. If decrypting or verifying it strips
off text headers: if the decrypted or verified message is not of \s-1MIME\s0
type text/plain then an error occurs.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
For the \fB\-cmsout\fR operation do not output the parsed \s-1CMS\s0 structure. This
is useful when combined with the \fB\-print\fR option or if the syntax of the \s-1CMS\s0
structure is being checked.
.IP "\fB\-print\fR" 4
.IX Item "-print"
For the \fB\-cmsout\fR operation print out all fields of the \s-1CMS\s0 structure. This
is mainly useful for testing purposes.
.IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CAfile file"
A file containing trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates, only used with \fB\-verify\fR.
.IP "\fB\-CApath dir\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CApath dir"
A directory containing trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates, only used with
\&\fB\-verify\fR. This directory must be a standard certificate directory: that
is a hash of each subject name (using \fBx509 \-hash\fR) should be linked
to each certificate.
.IP "\fB\-no\-CAfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no-CAfile"
Do not load the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates from the default file location
.IP "\fB\-no\-CApath\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no-CApath"
Do not load the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates from the default directory location
.IP "\fB\-md digest\fR" 4
.IX Item "-md digest"
Digest algorithm to use when signing or resigning. If not present then the
default digest algorithm for the signing key will be used (usually \s-1SHA1\s0).
.IP "\fB\-\f(BIcipher\fB\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cipher"
The encryption algorithm to use. For example triple \s-1DES\s0 (168 bits) \- \fB\-des3\fR
or 256 bit \s-1AES\s0 \- \fB\-aes256\fR. Any standard algorithm name (as used by the
\&\fBEVP_get_cipherbyname()\fR function) can also be used preceded by a dash, for
example \fB\-aes\-128\-cbc\fR. See \fBenc\fR\|(1) for a list of ciphers
supported by your version of OpenSSL.
.Sp
If not specified triple \s-1DES\s0 is used. Only used with \fB\-encrypt\fR and
\&\fB\-EncryptedData_create\fR commands.
.IP "\fB\-nointern\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nointern"
When verifying a message normally certificates (if any) included in
the message are searched for the signing certificate. With this option
only the certificates specified in the \fB\-certfile\fR option are used.
The supplied certificates can still be used as untrusted CAs however.
.IP "\fB\-noverify\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noverify"
Do not verify the signers certificate of a signed message.
.IP "\fB\-nocerts\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nocerts"
When signing a message the signer's certificate is normally included
with this option it is excluded. This will reduce the size of the
signed message but the verifier must have a copy of the signers certificate
available locally (passed using the \fB\-certfile\fR option for example).
.IP "\fB\-noattr\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noattr"
Normally when a message is signed a set of attributes are included which
include the signing time and supported symmetric algorithms. With this
option they are not included.
.IP "\fB\-nosmimecap\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nosmimecap"
Exclude the list of supported algorithms from signed attributes, other options
such as signing time and content type are still included.
.IP "\fB\-binary\fR" 4
.IX Item "-binary"
Normally the input message is converted to \*(L"canonical\*(R" format which is
effectively using \s-1CR\s0 and \s-1LF\s0 as end of line: as required by the S/MIME
specification. When this option is present no translation occurs. This
is useful when handling binary data which may not be in \s-1MIME\s0 format.
.IP "\fB\-crlfeol\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crlfeol"
Normally the output file uses a single \fB\s-1LF\s0\fR as end of line. When this
option is present \fB\s-1CRLF\s0\fR is used instead.
.IP "\fB\-asciicrlf\fR" 4
.IX Item "-asciicrlf"
When signing use \s-1ASCII CRLF\s0 format canonicalisation. This strips trailing
whitespace from all lines, deletes trailing blank lines at \s-1EOF\s0 and sets
the encapsulated content type. This option is normally used with detached
content and an output signature format of \s-1DER.\s0 This option is not normally
needed when verifying as it is enabled automatically if the encapsulated
content format is detected.
.IP "\fB\-nodetach\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nodetach"
When signing a message use opaque signing: this form is more resistant
to translation by mail relays but it cannot be read by mail agents that
do not support S/MIME. Without this option cleartext signing with
the \s-1MIME\s0 type multipart/signed is used.
.IP "\fB\-certfile file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-certfile file"
Allows additional certificates to be specified. When signing these will
be included with the message. When verifying these will be searched for
the signers certificates. The certificates should be in \s-1PEM\s0 format.
.IP "\fB\-certsout file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-certsout file"
Any certificates contained in the message are written to \fBfile\fR.
.IP "\fB\-signer file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-signer file"
A signing certificate when signing or resigning a message, this option can be
used multiple times if more than one signer is required. If a message is being
verified then the signers certificates will be written to this file if the
verification was successful.
.IP "\fB\-recip file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-recip file"
When decrypting a message this specifies the recipients certificate. The
certificate must match one of the recipients of the message or an error
occurs.
.Sp
When encrypting a message this option may be used multiple times to specify
each recipient. This form \fBmust\fR be used if customised parameters are
required (for example to specify RSA-OAEP).
.Sp
Only certificates carrying \s-1RSA,\s0 Diffie-Hellman or \s-1EC\s0 keys are supported by this
option.
.IP "\fB\-keyid\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keyid"
Use subject key identifier to identify certificates instead of issuer name and
serial number. The supplied certificate \fBmust\fR include a subject key
identifier extension. Supported by \fB\-sign\fR and \fB\-encrypt\fR options.
.IP "\fB\-receipt_request_all\fR, \fB\-receipt_request_first\fR" 4
.IX Item "-receipt_request_all, -receipt_request_first"
For \fB\-sign\fR option include a signed receipt request. Indicate requests should
be provided by all recipient or first tier recipients (those mailed directly
and not from a mailing list). Ignored it \fB\-receipt_request_from\fR is included.
.IP "\fB\-receipt_request_from emailaddress\fR" 4
.IX Item "-receipt_request_from emailaddress"
For \fB\-sign\fR option include a signed receipt request. Add an explicit email
address where receipts should be supplied.
.IP "\fB\-receipt_request_to emailaddress\fR" 4
.IX Item "-receipt_request_to emailaddress"
Add an explicit email address where signed receipts should be sent to. This
option \fBmust\fR but supplied if a signed receipt it requested.
.IP "\fB\-receipt_request_print\fR" 4
.IX Item "-receipt_request_print"
For the \fB\-verify\fR operation print out the contents of any signed receipt
requests.
.IP "\fB\-secretkey key\fR" 4
.IX Item "-secretkey key"
Specify symmetric key to use. The key must be supplied in hex format and be
consistent with the algorithm used. Supported by the \fB\-EncryptedData_encrypt\fR
\&\fB\-EncryptedData_decrypt\fR, \fB\-encrypt\fR and \fB\-decrypt\fR options. When used
with \fB\-encrypt\fR or \fB\-decrypt\fR the supplied key is used to wrap or unwrap the
content encryption key using an \s-1AES\s0 key in the \fBKEKRecipientInfo\fR type.
.IP "\fB\-secretkeyid id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-secretkeyid id"
The key identifier for the supplied symmetric key for \fBKEKRecipientInfo\fR type.
This option \fBmust\fR be present if the \fB\-secretkey\fR option is used with
\&\fB\-encrypt\fR. With \fB\-decrypt\fR operations the \fBid\fR is used to locate the
relevant key if it is not supplied then an attempt is used to decrypt any
\&\fBKEKRecipientInfo\fR structures.
.IP "\fB\-econtent_type type\fR" 4
.IX Item "-econtent_type type"
Set the encapsulated content type to \fBtype\fR if not supplied the \fBData\fR type
is used. The \fBtype\fR argument can be any valid \s-1OID\s0 name in either text or
numerical format.
.IP "\fB\-inkey file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inkey file"
The private key to use when signing or decrypting. This must match the
corresponding certificate. If this option is not specified then the
private key must be included in the certificate file specified with
the \fB\-recip\fR or \fB\-signer\fR file. When signing this option can be used
multiple times to specify successive keys.
.IP "\fB\-keyopt name:opt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keyopt name:opt"
For signing and encryption this option can be used multiple times to
set customised parameters for the preceding key or certificate. It can
currently be used to set RSA-PSS for signing, RSA-OAEP for encryption
or to modify default parameters for \s-1ECDH.\s0
.IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passin arg"
The private key password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fBcert.pem...\fR" 4
.IX Item "cert.pem..."
One or more certificates of message recipients: used when encrypting
a message.
.IP "\fB\-to, \-from, \-subject\fR" 4
.IX Item "-to, -from, -subject"
The relevant mail headers. These are included outside the signed
portion of a message so they may be included manually. If signing
then many S/MIME mail clients check the signers certificate's email
address matches that specified in the From: address.
.IP "\fB\-attime\fR, \fB\-check_ss_sig\fR, \fB\-crl_check\fR, \fB\-crl_check_all\fR, \fB\-explicit_policy\fR, \fB\-extended_crl\fR, \fB\-ignore_critical\fR, \fB\-inhibit_any\fR, \fB\-inhibit_map\fR, \fB\-no_alt_chains\fR, \fB\-no_check_time\fR, \fB\-partial_chain\fR, \fB\-policy\fR, \fB\-policy_check\fR, \fB\-policy_print\fR, \fB\-purpose\fR, \fB\-suiteB_128\fR, \fB\-suiteB_128_only\fR, \fB\-suiteB_192\fR, \fB\-trusted_first\fR, \fB\-use_deltas\fR, \fB\-auth_level\fR, \fB\-verify_depth\fR, \fB\-verify_email\fR, \fB\-verify_hostname\fR, \fB\-verify_ip\fR, \fB\-verify_name\fR, \fB\-x509_strict\fR" 4
.IX Item "-attime, -check_ss_sig, -crl_check, -crl_check_all, -explicit_policy, -extended_crl, -ignore_critical, -inhibit_any, -inhibit_map, -no_alt_chains, -no_check_time, -partial_chain, -policy, -policy_check, -policy_print, -purpose, -suiteB_128, -suiteB_128_only, -suiteB_192, -trusted_first, -use_deltas, -auth_level, -verify_depth, -verify_email, -verify_hostname, -verify_ip, -verify_name, -x509_strict"
Set various certificate chain validation options. See the
\&\fBverify\fR\|(1) manual page for details.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The \s-1MIME\s0 message must be sent without any blank lines between the
headers and the output. Some mail programs will automatically add
a blank line. Piping the mail directly to sendmail is one way to
achieve the correct format.
.PP
The supplied message to be signed or encrypted must include the
necessary \s-1MIME\s0 headers or many S/MIME clients won't display it
properly (if at all). You can use the \fB\-text\fR option to automatically
add plain text headers.
.PP
A \*(L"signed and encrypted\*(R" message is one where a signed message is
then encrypted. This can be produced by encrypting an already signed
message: see the examples section.
.PP
This version of the program only allows one signer per message but it
will verify multiple signers on received messages. Some S/MIME clients
choke if a message contains multiple signers. It is possible to sign
messages \*(L"in parallel\*(R" by signing an already signed message.
.PP
The options \fB\-encrypt\fR and \fB\-decrypt\fR reflect common usage in S/MIME
clients. Strictly speaking these process \s-1CMS\s0 enveloped data: \s-1CMS\s0
encrypted data is used for other purposes.
.PP
The \fB\-resign\fR option uses an existing message digest when adding a new
signer. This means that attributes must be present in at least one existing
signer using the same message digest or this operation will fail.
.PP
The \fB\-stream\fR and \fB\-indef\fR options enable streaming I/O support.
As a result the encoding is \s-1BER\s0 using indefinite length constructed encoding
and no longer \s-1DER.\s0 Streaming is supported for the \fB\-encrypt\fR operation and the
\&\fB\-sign\fR operation if the content is not detached.
.PP
Streaming is always used for the \fB\-sign\fR operation with detached data but
since the content is no longer part of the \s-1CMS\s0 structure the encoding
remains \s-1DER.\s0
.PP
If the \fB\-decrypt\fR option is used without a recipient certificate then an
attempt is made to locate the recipient by trying each potential recipient
in turn using the supplied private key. To thwart the \s-1MMA\s0 attack
(Bleichenbacher's attack on \s-1PKCS\s0 #1 v1.5 \s-1RSA\s0 padding) all recipients are
tried whether they succeed or not and if no recipients match the message
is \*(L"decrypted\*(R" using a random key which will typically output garbage.
The \fB\-debug_decrypt\fR option can be used to disable the \s-1MMA\s0 attack protection
and return an error if no recipient can be found: this option should be used
with caution. For a fuller description see \fBCMS_decrypt\fR\|(3)).
.SH "EXIT CODES"
.IX Header "EXIT CODES"
.IP "0" 4
The operation was completely successfully.
.IP "1" 4
.IX Item "1"
An error occurred parsing the command options.
.IP "2" 4
.IX Item "2"
One of the input files could not be read.
.IP "3" 4
.IX Item "3"
An error occurred creating the \s-1CMS\s0 file or when reading the \s-1MIME\s0
message.
.IP "4" 4
.IX Item "4"
An error occurred decrypting or verifying the message.
.IP "5" 4
.IX Item "5"
The message was verified correctly but an error occurred writing out
the signers certificates.
.SH "COMPATIBILITY WITH PKCS#7 format."
.IX Header "COMPATIBILITY WITH PKCS#7 format."
The \fBsmime\fR utility can only process the older \fBPKCS#7\fR format. The \fBcms\fR
utility supports Cryptographic Message Syntax format. Use of some features
will result in messages which cannot be processed by applications which only
support the older format. These are detailed below.
.PP
The use of the \fB\-keyid\fR option with \fB\-sign\fR or \fB\-encrypt\fR.
.PP
The \fB\-outform \s-1PEM\s0\fR option uses different headers.
.PP
The \fB\-compress\fR option.
.PP
The \fB\-secretkey\fR option when used with \fB\-encrypt\fR.
.PP
The use of \s-1PSS\s0 with \fB\-sign\fR.
.PP
The use of \s-1OAEP\s0 or non-RSA keys with \fB\-encrypt\fR.
.PP
Additionally the \fB\-EncryptedData_create\fR and \fB\-data_create\fR type cannot
be processed by the older \fBsmime\fR command.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Create a cleartext signed message:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl cms \-sign \-in message.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \e
\& \-signer mycert.pem
.Ve
.PP
Create an opaque signed message
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl cms \-sign \-in message.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \-nodetach \e
\& \-signer mycert.pem
.Ve
.PP
Create a signed message, include some additional certificates and
read the private key from another file:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl cms \-sign \-in in.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \e
\& \-signer mycert.pem \-inkey mykey.pem \-certfile mycerts.pem
.Ve
.PP
Create a signed message with two signers, use key identifier:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl cms \-sign \-in message.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \e
\& \-signer mycert.pem \-signer othercert.pem \-keyid
.Ve
.PP
Send a signed message under Unix directly to sendmail, including headers:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& openssl cms \-sign \-in in.txt \-text \-signer mycert.pem \e
\& \-from steve@openssl.org \-to someone@somewhere \e
\& \-subject "Signed message" | sendmail someone@somewhere
.Ve
.PP
Verify a message and extract the signer's certificate if successful:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl cms \-verify \-in mail.msg \-signer user.pem \-out signedtext.txt
.Ve
.PP
Send encrypted mail using triple \s-1DES:\s0
.PP
.Vb 3
\& openssl cms \-encrypt \-in in.txt \-from steve@openssl.org \e
\& \-to someone@somewhere \-subject "Encrypted message" \e
\& \-des3 user.pem \-out mail.msg
.Ve
.PP
Sign and encrypt mail:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& openssl cms \-sign \-in ml.txt \-signer my.pem \-text \e
\& | openssl cms \-encrypt \-out mail.msg \e
\& \-from steve@openssl.org \-to someone@somewhere \e
\& \-subject "Signed and Encrypted message" \-des3 user.pem
.Ve
.PP
Note: the encryption command does not include the \fB\-text\fR option because the
message being encrypted already has \s-1MIME\s0 headers.
.PP
Decrypt mail:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl cms \-decrypt \-in mail.msg \-recip mycert.pem \-inkey key.pem
.Ve
.PP
The output from Netscape form signing is a PKCS#7 structure with the
detached signature format. You can use this program to verify the
signature by line wrapping the base64 encoded structure and surrounding
it with:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN PKCS7\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END PKCS7\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
and using the command,
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl cms \-verify \-inform PEM \-in signature.pem \-content content.txt
.Ve
.PP
alternatively you can base64 decode the signature and use
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl cms \-verify \-inform DER \-in signature.der \-content content.txt
.Ve
.PP
Create an encrypted message using 128 bit Camellia:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl cms \-encrypt \-in plain.txt \-camellia128 \-out mail.msg cert.pem
.Ve
.PP
Add a signer to an existing message:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl cms \-resign \-in mail.msg \-signer newsign.pem \-out mail2.msg
.Ve
.PP
Sign mail using RSA-PSS:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl cms \-sign \-in message.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \e
\& \-signer mycert.pem \-keyopt rsa_padding_mode:pss
.Ve
.PP
Create encrypted mail using RSA-OAEP:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl cms \-encrypt \-in plain.txt \-out mail.msg \e
\& \-recip cert.pem \-keyopt rsa_padding_mode:oaep
.Ve
.PP
Use \s-1SHA256 KDF\s0 with an \s-1ECDH\s0 certificate:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl cms \-encrypt \-in plain.txt \-out mail.msg \e
\& \-recip ecdhcert.pem \-keyopt ecdh_kdf_md:sha256
.Ve
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
The \s-1MIME\s0 parser isn't very clever: it seems to handle most messages that I've
thrown at it but it may choke on others.
.PP
The code currently will only write out the signer's certificate to a file: if
the signer has a separate encryption certificate this must be manually
extracted. There should be some heuristic that determines the correct
encryption certificate.
.PP
Ideally a database should be maintained of a certificates for each email
address.
.PP
The code doesn't currently take note of the permitted symmetric encryption
algorithms as supplied in the SMIMECapabilities signed attribute. this means the
user has to manually include the correct encryption algorithm. It should store
the list of permitted ciphers in a database and only use those.
.PP
No revocation checking is done on the signer's certificate.
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
The use of multiple \fB\-signer\fR options and the \fB\-resign\fR command were first
added in OpenSSL 1.0.0.
.PP
The \fBkeyopt\fR option was added in OpenSSL 1.0.2.
.PP
Support for RSA-OAEP and RSA-PSS was added in OpenSSL 1.0.2.
.PP
The use of non-RSA keys with \fB\-encrypt\fR and \fB\-decrypt\fR
was added in OpenSSL 1.0.2.
.PP
The \-no_alt_chains option was added in OpenSSL 1.0.2b.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2008\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "CRL 1"
.TH CRL 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-crl, crl \- CRL utility
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBcrl\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-nameopt option\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-hash\fR]
[\fB\-issuer\fR]
[\fB\-lastupdate\fR]
[\fB\-nextupdate\fR]
[\fB\-CAfile file\fR]
[\fB\-CApath dir\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBcrl\fR command processes \s-1CRL\s0 files in \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM\s0 format.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform DER|PEM"
This specifies the input format. \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format is \s-1DER\s0 encoded \s-1CRL\s0
structure. \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR (the default) is a base64 encoded version of
the \s-1DER\s0 form with header and footer lines.
.IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform DER|PEM"
This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning and default
as the \fB\-inform\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read from or standard input if this
option is not specified.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
Specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by
default.
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
Print out the \s-1CRL\s0 in text form.
.IP "\fB\-nameopt option\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nameopt option"
Option which determines how the subject or issuer names are displayed. See
the description of \fB\-nameopt\fR in \fBx509\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
Don't output the encoded version of the \s-1CRL.\s0
.IP "\fB\-hash\fR" 4
.IX Item "-hash"
Output a hash of the issuer name. This can be use to lookup CRLs in
a directory by issuer name.
.IP "\fB\-hash_old\fR" 4
.IX Item "-hash_old"
Outputs the \*(L"hash\*(R" of the \s-1CRL\s0 issuer name using the older algorithm
as used by OpenSSL before version 1.0.0.
.IP "\fB\-issuer\fR" 4
.IX Item "-issuer"
Output the issuer name.
.IP "\fB\-lastupdate\fR" 4
.IX Item "-lastupdate"
Output the lastUpdate field.
.IP "\fB\-nextupdate\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nextupdate"
Output the nextUpdate field.
.IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CAfile file"
Verify the signature on a \s-1CRL\s0 by looking up the issuing certificate in
\&\fBfile\fR.
.IP "\fB\-CApath dir\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CApath dir"
Verify the signature on a \s-1CRL\s0 by looking up the issuing certificate in
\&\fBdir\fR. This directory must be a standard certificate directory: that
is a hash of each subject name (using \fBx509 \-hash\fR) should be linked
to each certificate.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The \s-1PEM CRL\s0 format uses the header and footer lines:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN X509 CRL\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END X509 CRL\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Convert a \s-1CRL\s0 file from \s-1PEM\s0 to \s-1DER:\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl crl \-in crl.pem \-outform DER \-out crl.der
.Ve
.PP
Output the text form of a \s-1DER\s0 encoded certificate:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl crl \-in crl.der \-inform DER \-text \-noout
.Ve
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
Ideally it should be possible to create a \s-1CRL\s0 using appropriate options
and files too.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBcrl2pkcs7\fR\|(1), \fBca\fR\|(1), \fBx509\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\"
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "CRL2PKCS7 1"
.TH CRL2PKCS7 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-crl2pkcs7, crl2pkcs7 \- Create a PKCS#7 structure from a CRL and certificates
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBcrl2pkcs7\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-certfile filename\fR]
[\fB\-nocrl\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBcrl2pkcs7\fR command takes an optional \s-1CRL\s0 and one or more
certificates and converts them into a PKCS#7 degenerate \*(L"certificates
only\*(R" structure.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform DER|PEM"
This specifies the \s-1CRL\s0 input format. \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format is \s-1DER\s0 encoded \s-1CRL\s0
structure.\fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR (the default) is a base64 encoded version of
the \s-1DER\s0 form with header and footer lines. The default format is \s-1PEM.\s0
.IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform DER|PEM"
This specifies the PKCS#7 structure output format. \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format is \s-1DER\s0
encoded PKCS#7 structure.\fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR (the default) is a base64 encoded version of
the \s-1DER\s0 form with header and footer lines. The default format is \s-1PEM.\s0
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read a \s-1CRL\s0 from or standard input if this
option is not specified.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
Specifies the output filename to write the PKCS#7 structure to or standard
output by default.
.IP "\fB\-certfile filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-certfile filename"
Specifies a filename containing one or more certificates in \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR format.
All certificates in the file will be added to the PKCS#7 structure. This
option can be used more than once to read certificates form multiple
files.
.IP "\fB\-nocrl\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nocrl"
Normally a \s-1CRL\s0 is included in the output file. With this option no \s-1CRL\s0 is
included in the output file and a \s-1CRL\s0 is not read from the input file.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Create a PKCS#7 structure from a certificate and \s-1CRL:\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl crl2pkcs7 \-in crl.pem \-certfile cert.pem \-out p7.pem
.Ve
.PP
Creates a PKCS#7 structure in \s-1DER\s0 format with no \s-1CRL\s0 from several
different certificates:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl crl2pkcs7 \-nocrl \-certfile newcert.pem
\& \-certfile demoCA/cacert.pem \-outform DER \-out p7.der
.Ve
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The output file is a PKCS#7 signed data structure containing no signers and
just certificates and an optional \s-1CRL.\s0
.PP
This utility can be used to send certificates and CAs to Netscape as part of
the certificate enrollment process. This involves sending the \s-1DER\s0 encoded output
as \s-1MIME\s0 type application/x\-x509\-user\-cert.
.PP
The \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR encoded form with the header and footer lines removed can be used to
install user certificates and CAs in \s-1MSIE\s0 using the Xenroll control.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBpkcs7\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2017 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
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.\"
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.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
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.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
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.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
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.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "DGST 1"
.TH DGST 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-dgst, dgst \- perform digest operations
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl dgst\fR
[\fB\-\f(BIdigest\fB\fR]
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-c\fR]
[\fB\-d\fR]
[\fB\-list\fR]
[\fB\-hex\fR]
[\fB\-binary\fR]
[\fB\-r\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-sign filename\fR]
[\fB\-keyform arg\fR]
[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
[\fB\-verify filename\fR]
[\fB\-prverify filename\fR]
[\fB\-signature filename\fR]
[\fB\-sigopt nm:v\fR]
[\fB\-hmac key\fR]
[\fB\-fips\-fingerprint\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fB\-engine_impl\fR]
[\fBfile...\fR]
.PP
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fIdigest\fR [\fB...\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The digest functions output the message digest of a supplied file or files
in hexadecimal. The digest functions also generate and verify digital
signatures using message digests.
.PP
The generic name, \fBdgst\fR, may be used with an option specifying the
algorithm to be used.
The default digest is \fIsha256\fR.
A supported \fIdigest\fR name may also be used as the command name.
To see the list of supported algorithms, use the \fIlist \-\-digest\-commands\fR
command.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-\f(BIdigest\fB\fR" 4
.IX Item "-digest"
Specifies name of a supported digest to be used. To see the list of
supported digests, use the command \fIlist \-\-digest\-commands\fR.
.IP "\fB\-c\fR" 4
.IX Item "-c"
Print out the digest in two digit groups separated by colons, only relevant if
\&\fBhex\fR format output is used.
.IP "\fB\-d\fR" 4
.IX Item "-d"
Print out \s-1BIO\s0 debugging information.
.IP "\fB\-list\fR" 4
.IX Item "-list"
Prints out a list of supported message digests.
.IP "\fB\-hex\fR" 4
.IX Item "-hex"
Digest is to be output as a hex dump. This is the default case for a \*(L"normal\*(R"
digest as opposed to a digital signature. See \s-1NOTES\s0 below for digital
signatures using \fB\-hex\fR.
.IP "\fB\-binary\fR" 4
.IX Item "-binary"
Output the digest or signature in binary form.
.IP "\fB\-r\fR" 4
.IX Item "-r"
Output the digest in the \*(L"coreutils\*(R" format, including newlines.
Used by programs like \fBsha1sum\fR.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
Filename to output to, or standard output by default.
.IP "\fB\-sign filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sign filename"
Digitally sign the digest using the private key in \*(L"filename\*(R". Note this option
does not support Ed25519 or Ed448 private keys. Use the \fBpkeyutl\fR command
instead for this.
.IP "\fB\-keyform arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keyform arg"
Specifies the key format to sign digest with. The \s-1DER, PEM, P12,\s0
and \s-1ENGINE\s0 formats are supported.
.IP "\fB\-sigopt nm:v\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sigopt nm:v"
Pass options to the signature algorithm during sign or verify operations.
Names and values of these options are algorithm-specific.
.IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passin arg"
The private key password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-verify filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify filename"
Verify the signature using the public key in \*(L"filename\*(R".
The output is either \*(L"Verification \s-1OK\*(R"\s0 or \*(L"Verification Failure\*(R".
.IP "\fB\-prverify filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-prverify filename"
Verify the signature using the private key in \*(L"filename\*(R".
.IP "\fB\-signature filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-signature filename"
The actual signature to verify.
.IP "\fB\-hmac key\fR" 4
.IX Item "-hmac key"
Create a hashed \s-1MAC\s0 using \*(L"key\*(R".
.IP "\fB\-mac alg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-mac alg"
Create \s-1MAC\s0 (keyed Message Authentication Code). The most popular \s-1MAC\s0
algorithm is \s-1HMAC\s0 (hash-based \s-1MAC\s0), but there are other \s-1MAC\s0 algorithms
which are not based on hash, for instance \fBgost-mac\fR algorithm,
supported by \fBccgost\fR engine. \s-1MAC\s0 keys and other options should be set
via \fB\-macopt\fR parameter.
.IP "\fB\-macopt nm:v\fR" 4
.IX Item "-macopt nm:v"
Passes options to \s-1MAC\s0 algorithm, specified by \fB\-mac\fR key.
Following options are supported by both by \fB\s-1HMAC\s0\fR and \fBgost-mac\fR:
.RS 4
.IP "\fBkey:string\fR" 4
.IX Item "key:string"
Specifies \s-1MAC\s0 key as alphanumeric string (use if key contain printable
characters only). String length must conform to any restrictions of
the \s-1MAC\s0 algorithm for example exactly 32 chars for gost-mac.
.IP "\fBhexkey:string\fR" 4
.IX Item "hexkey:string"
Specifies \s-1MAC\s0 key in hexadecimal form (two hex digits per byte).
Key length must conform to any restrictions of the \s-1MAC\s0 algorithm
for example exactly 32 chars for gost-mac.
.RE
.RS 4
.RE
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fB\-fips\-fingerprint\fR" 4
.IX Item "-fips-fingerprint"
Compute \s-1HMAC\s0 using a specific key for certain OpenSSL-FIPS operations.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Use engine \fBid\fR for operations (including private key storage).
This engine is not used as source for digest algorithms, unless it is
also specified in the configuration file or \fB\-engine_impl\fR is also
specified.
.IP "\fB\-engine_impl\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine_impl"
When used with the \fB\-engine\fR option, it specifies to also use
engine \fBid\fR for digest operations.
.IP "\fBfile...\fR" 4
.IX Item "file..."
File or files to digest. If no files are specified then standard input is
used.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
To create a hex-encoded message digest of a file:
openssl dgst \-md5 \-hex file.txt
.PP
To sign a file using \s-1SHA\-256\s0 with binary file output:
openssl dgst \-sha256 \-sign privatekey.pem \-out signature.sign file.txt
.PP
To verify a signature:
openssl dgst \-sha256 \-verify publickey.pem \e
\-signature signature.sign \e
file.txt
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The digest mechanisms that are available will depend on the options
used when building OpenSSL.
The \fBlist digest-commands\fR command can be used to list them.
.PP
New or agile applications should use probably use \s-1SHA\-256.\s0 Other digests,
particularly \s-1SHA\-1\s0 and \s-1MD5,\s0 are still widely used for interoperating
with existing formats and protocols.
.PP
When signing a file, \fBdgst\fR will automatically determine the algorithm
(\s-1RSA, ECC,\s0 etc) to use for signing based on the private key's \s-1ASN.1\s0 info.
When verifying signatures, it only handles the \s-1RSA, DSA,\s0 or \s-1ECDSA\s0 signature
itself, not the related data to identify the signer and algorithm used in
formats such as x.509, \s-1CMS,\s0 and S/MIME.
.PP
A source of random numbers is required for certain signing algorithms, in
particular \s-1ECDSA\s0 and \s-1DSA.\s0
.PP
The signing and verify options should only be used if a single file is
being signed or verified.
.PP
Hex signatures cannot be verified using \fBopenssl\fR. Instead, use \*(L"xxd \-r\*(R"
or similar program to transform the hex signature into a binary signature
prior to verification.
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
The default digest was changed from \s-1MD5\s0 to \s-1SHA256\s0 in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
The FIPS-related options were removed in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\"
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..
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.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
. ds : e
. ds 8 ss
. ds o a
. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
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. ds th \o'bp'
. ds Th \o'LP'
. ds ae ae
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "DHPARAM 1"
.TH DHPARAM 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-dhparam, dhparam \- DH parameter manipulation and generation
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl dhparam\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR]
[\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR]
[\fB\-in\fR \fIfilename\fR]
[\fB\-out\fR \fIfilename\fR]
[\fB\-dsaparam\fR]
[\fB\-check\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-C\fR]
[\fB\-2\fR]
[\fB\-5\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fInumbits\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
This command is used to manipulate \s-1DH\s0 parameter files.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform DER|PEM"
This specifies the input format. The \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR option uses an \s-1ASN1 DER\s0 encoded
form compatible with the PKCS#3 DHparameter structure. The \s-1PEM\s0 form is the
default format: it consists of the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format base64 encoded with
additional header and footer lines.
.IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform DER|PEM"
This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning and default
as the \fB\-inform\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-in\fR \fIfilename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read parameters from or standard input if
this option is not specified.
.IP "\fB\-out\fR \fIfilename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
This specifies the output filename parameters to. Standard output is used
if this option is not present. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same
as the input filename.
.IP "\fB\-dsaparam\fR" 4
.IX Item "-dsaparam"
If this option is used, \s-1DSA\s0 rather than \s-1DH\s0 parameters are read or created;
they are converted to \s-1DH\s0 format. Otherwise, \*(L"strong\*(R" primes (such
that (p\-1)/2 is also prime) will be used for \s-1DH\s0 parameter generation.
.Sp
\&\s-1DH\s0 parameter generation with the \fB\-dsaparam\fR option is much faster,
and the recommended exponent length is shorter, which makes \s-1DH\s0 key
exchange more efficient. Beware that with such DSA-style \s-1DH\s0
parameters, a fresh \s-1DH\s0 key should be created for each use to
avoid small-subgroup attacks that may be possible otherwise.
.IP "\fB\-check\fR" 4
.IX Item "-check"
Performs numerous checks to see if the supplied parameters are valid and
displays a warning if not.
.IP "\fB\-2\fR, \fB\-5\fR" 4
.IX Item "-2, -5"
The generator to use, either 2 or 5. If present then the
input file is ignored and parameters are generated instead. If not
present but \fBnumbits\fR is present, parameters are generated with the
default generator 2.
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fInumbits\fR" 4
.IX Item "numbits"
This option specifies that a parameter set should be generated of size
\&\fInumbits\fR. It must be the last option. If this option is present then
the input file is ignored and parameters are generated instead. If
this option is not present but a generator (\fB\-2\fR or \fB\-5\fR) is
present, parameters are generated with a default length of 2048 bits.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
This option inhibits the output of the encoded version of the parameters.
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
This option prints out the \s-1DH\s0 parameters in human readable form.
.IP "\fB\-C\fR" 4
.IX Item "-C"
This option converts the parameters into C code. The parameters can then
be loaded by calling the \fBget_dhNNNN()\fR function.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBdhparam\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.SH "WARNINGS"
.IX Header "WARNINGS"
The program \fBdhparam\fR combines the functionality of the programs \fBdh\fR and
\&\fBgendh\fR in previous versions of OpenSSL. The \fBdh\fR and \fBgendh\fR
programs are retained for now but may have different purposes in future
versions of OpenSSL.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
\&\s-1PEM\s0 format \s-1DH\s0 parameters use the header and footer lines:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN DH PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END DH PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
OpenSSL currently only supports the older PKCS#3 \s-1DH,\s0 not the newer X9.42
\&\s-1DH.\s0
.PP
This program manipulates \s-1DH\s0 parameters not keys.
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
There should be a way to generate and manipulate \s-1DH\s0 keys.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBdsaparam\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2017 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
.\" Standard preamble:
.\" ========================================================================
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will
.\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
.ie n \{\
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. ds R" ""
. ds C` ""
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'br\}
.el\{\
. ds -- \|\(em\|
. ds PI \(*p
. ds L" ``
. ds R" ''
. ds C`
. ds C'
'br\}
.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
. if \nF \{\
. de IX
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..
. if !\nF==2 \{\
. nr % 0
. nr F 2
. \}
. \}
.\}
.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
. ds #H 0
. ds #V .8m
. ds #F .3m
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. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
.\}
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.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
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.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
. \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
. ds : e
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. ds o a
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. ds ae ae
. ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "DSA 1"
.TH DSA 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-dsa, dsa \- DSA key processing
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBdsa\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-passout arg\fR]
[\fB\-aes128\fR]
[\fB\-aes192\fR]
[\fB\-aes256\fR]
[\fB\-aria128\fR]
[\fB\-aria192\fR]
[\fB\-aria256\fR]
[\fB\-camellia128\fR]
[\fB\-camellia192\fR]
[\fB\-camellia256\fR]
[\fB\-des\fR]
[\fB\-des3\fR]
[\fB\-idea\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-modulus\fR]
[\fB\-pubin\fR]
[\fB\-pubout\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBdsa\fR command processes \s-1DSA\s0 keys. They can be converted between various
forms and their components printed out. \fBNote\fR This command uses the
traditional SSLeay compatible format for private key encryption: newer
applications should use the more secure PKCS#8 format using the \fBpkcs8\fR
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform DER|PEM"
This specifies the input format. The \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR option with a private key uses
an \s-1ASN1 DER\s0 encoded form of an \s-1ASN.1 SEQUENCE\s0 consisting of the values of
version (currently zero), p, q, g, the public and private key components
respectively as \s-1ASN.1\s0 INTEGERs. When used with a public key it uses a
SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure: it is an error if the key is not \s-1DSA.\s0
.Sp
The \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR form is the default format: it consists of the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format base64
encoded with additional header and footer lines. In the case of a private key
PKCS#8 format is also accepted.
.IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform DER|PEM"
This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning and default
as the \fB\-inform\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this
option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be
prompted for.
.IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passin arg"
The input file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output by
is not specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be
prompted for. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same as the input
filename.
.IP "\fB\-passout arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passout arg"
The output file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-aes128\fR, \fB\-aes192\fR, \fB\-aes256\fR, \fB\-aria128\fR, \fB\-aria192\fR, \fB\-aria256\fR, \fB\-camellia128\fR, \fB\-camellia192\fR, \fB\-camellia256\fR, \fB\-des\fR, \fB\-des3\fR, \fB\-idea\fR" 4
.IX Item "-aes128, -aes192, -aes256, -aria128, -aria192, -aria256, -camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256, -des, -des3, -idea"
These options encrypt the private key with the specified
cipher before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for.
If none of these options is specified the key is written in plain text. This
means that using the \fBdsa\fR utility to read in an encrypted key with no
encryption option can be used to remove the pass phrase from a key, or by
setting the encryption options it can be use to add or change the pass phrase.
These options can only be used with \s-1PEM\s0 format output files.
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
Prints out the public, private key components and parameters.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
This option prevents output of the encoded version of the key.
.IP "\fB\-modulus\fR" 4
.IX Item "-modulus"
This option prints out the value of the public key component of the key.
.IP "\fB\-pubin\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pubin"
By default, a private key is read from the input file. With this option a
public key is read instead.
.IP "\fB\-pubout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pubout"
By default, a private key is output. With this option a public
key will be output instead. This option is automatically set if the input is
a public key.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBdsa\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The \s-1PEM\s0 private key format uses the header and footer lines:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN DSA PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END DSA PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
The \s-1PEM\s0 public key format uses the header and footer lines:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN PUBLIC KEY\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END PUBLIC KEY\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
To remove the pass phrase on a \s-1DSA\s0 private key:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl dsa \-in key.pem \-out keyout.pem
.Ve
.PP
To encrypt a private key using triple \s-1DES:\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl dsa \-in key.pem \-des3 \-out keyout.pem
.Ve
.PP
To convert a private key from \s-1PEM\s0 to \s-1DER\s0 format:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl dsa \-in key.pem \-outform DER \-out keyout.der
.Ve
.PP
To print out the components of a private key to standard output:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl dsa \-in key.pem \-text \-noout
.Ve
.PP
To just output the public part of a private key:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl dsa \-in key.pem \-pubout \-out pubkey.pem
.Ve
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBdsaparam\fR\|(1), \fBgendsa\fR\|(1), \fBrsa\fR\|(1),
\&\fBgenrsa\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
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.\" ========================================================================
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..
.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
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.nf
.ne \\$1
..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
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..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will
.\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
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'br\}
.el\{\
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.\"
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.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
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.de IX
..
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.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
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.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
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. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
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.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]
.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
. \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
. ds : e
. ds 8 ss
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. ds th \o'bp'
. ds Th \o'LP'
. ds ae ae
. ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "DSAPARAM 1"
.TH DSAPARAM 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-dsaparam, dsaparam \- DSA parameter manipulation and generation
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl dsaparam\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR]
[\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-C\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-genkey\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fBnumbits\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
This command is used to manipulate or generate \s-1DSA\s0 parameter files.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform DER|PEM"
This specifies the input format. The \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR option uses an \s-1ASN1 DER\s0 encoded
form compatible with \s-1RFC2459\s0 (\s-1PKIX\s0) DSS-Parms that is a \s-1SEQUENCE\s0 consisting
of p, q and g respectively. The \s-1PEM\s0 form is the default format: it consists
of the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format base64 encoded with additional header and footer lines.
.IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform DER|PEM"
This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning and default
as the \fB\-inform\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read parameters from or standard input if
this option is not specified. If the \fBnumbits\fR parameter is included then
this option will be ignored.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
This specifies the output filename parameters to. Standard output is used
if this option is not present. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same
as the input filename.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
This option inhibits the output of the encoded version of the parameters.
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
This option prints out the \s-1DSA\s0 parameters in human readable form.
.IP "\fB\-C\fR" 4
.IX Item "-C"
This option converts the parameters into C code. The parameters can then
be loaded by calling the \fBget_dsaXXX()\fR function.
.IP "\fB\-genkey\fR" 4
.IX Item "-genkey"
This option will generate a \s-1DSA\s0 either using the specified or generated
parameters.
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fBnumbits\fR" 4
.IX Item "numbits"
This option specifies that a parameter set should be generated of size
\&\fBnumbits\fR. It must be the last option. If this option is included then
the input file (if any) is ignored.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBdsaparam\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
\&\s-1PEM\s0 format \s-1DSA\s0 parameters use the header and footer lines:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN DSA PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END DSA PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
\&\s-1DSA\s0 parameter generation is a slow process and as a result the same set of
\&\s-1DSA\s0 parameters is often used to generate several distinct keys.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBgendsa\fR\|(1), \fBdsa\fR\|(1), \fBgenrsa\fR\|(1),
\&\fBrsa\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2017 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
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.if t .sp .5v
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..
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.nf
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..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
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.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will
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.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
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'br\}
.el\{\
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. ds C`
. ds C'
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.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
. if \nF \{\
. de IX
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. if !\nF==2 \{\
. nr % 0
. nr F 2
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.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
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. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
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.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
. \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
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. ds th \o'bp'
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. ds ae ae
. ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "EC 1"
.TH EC 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-ec, ec \- EC key processing
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBec\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-passout arg\fR]
[\fB\-des\fR]
[\fB\-des3\fR]
[\fB\-idea\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-param_out\fR]
[\fB\-pubin\fR]
[\fB\-pubout\fR]
[\fB\-conv_form arg\fR]
[\fB\-param_enc arg\fR]
[\fB\-no_public\fR]
[\fB\-check\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBec\fR command processes \s-1EC\s0 keys. They can be converted between various
forms and their components printed out. \fBNote\fR OpenSSL uses the
private key format specified in '\s-1SEC 1:\s0 Elliptic Curve Cryptography'
(http://www.secg.org/). To convert an OpenSSL \s-1EC\s0 private key into the
PKCS#8 private key format use the \fBpkcs8\fR command.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform DER|PEM"
This specifies the input format. The \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR option with a private key uses
an \s-1ASN.1 DER\s0 encoded \s-1SEC1\s0 private key. When used with a public key it
uses the SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure as specified in \s-1RFC 3280.\s0
The \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR form is the default format: it consists of the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format base64
encoded with additional header and footer lines. In the case of a private key
PKCS#8 format is also accepted.
.IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform DER|PEM"
This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning and default
as the \fB\-inform\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this
option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be
prompted for.
.IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passin arg"
The input file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output by
is not specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be
prompted for. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same as the input
filename.
.IP "\fB\-passout arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passout arg"
The output file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-des|\-des3|\-idea\fR" 4
.IX Item "-des|-des3|-idea"
These options encrypt the private key with the \s-1DES,\s0 triple \s-1DES, IDEA\s0 or
any other cipher supported by OpenSSL before outputting it. A pass phrase is
prompted for.
If none of these options is specified the key is written in plain text. This
means that using the \fBec\fR utility to read in an encrypted key with no
encryption option can be used to remove the pass phrase from a key, or by
setting the encryption options it can be use to add or change the pass phrase.
These options can only be used with \s-1PEM\s0 format output files.
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
Prints out the public, private key components and parameters.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
This option prevents output of the encoded version of the key.
.IP "\fB\-pubin\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pubin"
By default, a private key is read from the input file. With this option a
public key is read instead.
.IP "\fB\-pubout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pubout"
By default a private key is output. With this option a public
key will be output instead. This option is automatically set if the input is
a public key.
.IP "\fB\-conv_form\fR" 4
.IX Item "-conv_form"
This specifies how the points on the elliptic curve are converted
into octet strings. Possible values are: \fBcompressed\fR (the default
value), \fBuncompressed\fR and \fBhybrid\fR. For more information regarding
the point conversion forms please read the X9.62 standard.
\&\fBNote\fR Due to patent issues the \fBcompressed\fR option is disabled
by default for binary curves and can be enabled by defining
the preprocessor macro \fB\s-1OPENSSL_EC_BIN_PT_COMP\s0\fR at compile time.
.IP "\fB\-param_enc arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-param_enc arg"
This specifies how the elliptic curve parameters are encoded.
Possible value are: \fBnamed_curve\fR, i.e. the ec parameters are
specified by an \s-1OID,\s0 or \fBexplicit\fR where the ec parameters are
explicitly given (see \s-1RFC 3279\s0 for the definition of the
\&\s-1EC\s0 parameters structures). The default value is \fBnamed_curve\fR.
\&\fBNote\fR the \fBimplicitlyCA\fR alternative, as specified in \s-1RFC 3279,\s0
is currently not implemented in OpenSSL.
.IP "\fB\-no_public\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_public"
This option omits the public key components from the private key output.
.IP "\fB\-check\fR" 4
.IX Item "-check"
This option checks the consistency of an \s-1EC\s0 private or public key.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBec\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The \s-1PEM\s0 private key format uses the header and footer lines:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END EC PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
The \s-1PEM\s0 public key format uses the header and footer lines:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN PUBLIC KEY\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END PUBLIC KEY\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
To encrypt a private key using triple \s-1DES:\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ec \-in key.pem \-des3 \-out keyout.pem
.Ve
.PP
To convert a private key from \s-1PEM\s0 to \s-1DER\s0 format:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ec \-in key.pem \-outform DER \-out keyout.der
.Ve
.PP
To print out the components of a private key to standard output:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ec \-in key.pem \-text \-noout
.Ve
.PP
To just output the public part of a private key:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ec \-in key.pem \-pubout \-out pubkey.pem
.Ve
.PP
To change the parameters encoding to \fBexplicit\fR:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ec \-in key.pem \-param_enc explicit \-out keyout.pem
.Ve
.PP
To change the point conversion form to \fBcompressed\fR:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ec \-in key.pem \-conv_form compressed \-out keyout.pem
.Ve
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBecparam\fR\|(1), \fBdsa\fR\|(1), \fBrsa\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2003\-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
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..
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..
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.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
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.\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
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.\"
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.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
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..
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..
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.\"
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.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]
.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
. \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
. ds : e
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. ds th \o'bp'
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. ds ae ae
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.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "ECPARAM 1"
.TH ECPARAM 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-ecparam, ecparam \- EC parameter manipulation and generation
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl ecparam\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR]
[\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-C\fR]
[\fB\-check\fR]
[\fB\-name arg\fR]
[\fB\-list_curves\fR]
[\fB\-conv_form arg\fR]
[\fB\-param_enc arg\fR]
[\fB\-no_seed\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-genkey\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
This command is used to manipulate or generate \s-1EC\s0 parameter files.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform DER|PEM"
This specifies the input format. The \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR option uses an \s-1ASN.1 DER\s0 encoded
form compatible with \s-1RFC 3279\s0 EcpkParameters. The \s-1PEM\s0 form is the default
format: it consists of the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format base64 encoded with additional
header and footer lines.
.IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform DER|PEM"
This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning and default
as the \fB\-inform\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read parameters from or standard input if
this option is not specified.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
This specifies the output filename parameters to. Standard output is used
if this option is not present. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same
as the input filename.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
This option inhibits the output of the encoded version of the parameters.
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
This option prints out the \s-1EC\s0 parameters in human readable form.
.IP "\fB\-C\fR" 4
.IX Item "-C"
This option converts the \s-1EC\s0 parameters into C code. The parameters can then
be loaded by calling the \fBget_ec_group_XXX()\fR function.
.IP "\fB\-check\fR" 4
.IX Item "-check"
Validate the elliptic curve parameters.
.IP "\fB\-name arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-name arg"
Use the \s-1EC\s0 parameters with the specified 'short' name. Use \fB\-list_curves\fR
to get a list of all currently implemented \s-1EC\s0 parameters.
.IP "\fB\-list_curves\fR" 4
.IX Item "-list_curves"
If this options is specified \fBecparam\fR will print out a list of all
currently implemented \s-1EC\s0 parameters names and exit.
.IP "\fB\-conv_form\fR" 4
.IX Item "-conv_form"
This specifies how the points on the elliptic curve are converted
into octet strings. Possible values are: \fBcompressed\fR, \fBuncompressed\fR (the
default value) and \fBhybrid\fR. For more information regarding
the point conversion forms please read the X9.62 standard.
\&\fBNote\fR Due to patent issues the \fBcompressed\fR option is disabled
by default for binary curves and can be enabled by defining
the preprocessor macro \fB\s-1OPENSSL_EC_BIN_PT_COMP\s0\fR at compile time.
.IP "\fB\-param_enc arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-param_enc arg"
This specifies how the elliptic curve parameters are encoded.
Possible value are: \fBnamed_curve\fR, i.e. the ec parameters are
specified by an \s-1OID,\s0 or \fBexplicit\fR where the ec parameters are
explicitly given (see \s-1RFC 3279\s0 for the definition of the
\&\s-1EC\s0 parameters structures). The default value is \fBnamed_curve\fR.
\&\fBNote\fR the \fBimplicitlyCA\fR alternative, as specified in \s-1RFC 3279,\s0
is currently not implemented in OpenSSL.
.IP "\fB\-no_seed\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_seed"
This option inhibits that the 'seed' for the parameter generation
is included in the ECParameters structure (see \s-1RFC 3279\s0).
.IP "\fB\-genkey\fR" 4
.IX Item "-genkey"
This option will generate an \s-1EC\s0 private key using the specified parameters.
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBecparam\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
\&\s-1PEM\s0 format \s-1EC\s0 parameters use the header and footer lines:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN EC PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END EC PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
OpenSSL is currently not able to generate new groups and therefore
\&\fBecparam\fR can only create \s-1EC\s0 parameters from known (named) curves.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
To create \s-1EC\s0 parameters with the group 'prime192v1':
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ecparam \-out ec_param.pem \-name prime192v1
.Ve
.PP
To create \s-1EC\s0 parameters with explicit parameters:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ecparam \-out ec_param.pem \-name prime192v1 \-param_enc explicit
.Ve
.PP
To validate given \s-1EC\s0 parameters:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ecparam \-in ec_param.pem \-check
.Ve
.PP
To create \s-1EC\s0 parameters and a private key:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ecparam \-out ec_key.pem \-name prime192v1 \-genkey
.Ve
.PP
To change the point encoding to 'compressed':
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ecparam \-in ec_in.pem \-out ec_out.pem \-conv_form compressed
.Ve
.PP
To print out the \s-1EC\s0 parameters to standard output:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ecparam \-in ec_param.pem \-noout \-text
.Ve
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBec\fR\|(1), \fBdsaparam\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2003\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
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.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
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\{\
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.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "ENC 1"
.TH ENC 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-enc, enc \- symmetric cipher routines
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl enc \-\f(BIcipher\fB\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-list\fR]
[\fB\-ciphers\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-pass arg\fR]
[\fB\-e\fR]
[\fB\-d\fR]
[\fB\-a\fR]
[\fB\-base64\fR]
[\fB\-A\fR]
[\fB\-k password\fR]
[\fB\-kfile filename\fR]
[\fB\-K key\fR]
[\fB\-iv \s-1IV\s0\fR]
[\fB\-S salt\fR]
[\fB\-salt\fR]
[\fB\-nosalt\fR]
[\fB\-z\fR]
[\fB\-md digest\fR]
[\fB\-iter count\fR]
[\fB\-pbkdf2\fR]
[\fB\-p\fR]
[\fB\-P\fR]
[\fB\-bufsize number\fR]
[\fB\-nopad\fR]
[\fB\-debug\fR]
[\fB\-none\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
.PP
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fI[cipher]\fR [\fB...\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The symmetric cipher commands allow data to be encrypted or decrypted
using various block and stream ciphers using keys based on passwords
or explicitly provided. Base64 encoding or decoding can also be performed
either by itself or in addition to the encryption or decryption.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-list\fR" 4
.IX Item "-list"
List all supported ciphers.
.IP "\fB\-ciphers\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ciphers"
Alias of \-list to display all supported ciphers.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
The input filename, standard input by default.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
The output filename, standard output by default.
.IP "\fB\-pass arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pass arg"
The password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-e\fR" 4
.IX Item "-e"
Encrypt the input data: this is the default.
.IP "\fB\-d\fR" 4
.IX Item "-d"
Decrypt the input data.
.IP "\fB\-a\fR" 4
.IX Item "-a"
Base64 process the data. This means that if encryption is taking place
the data is base64 encoded after encryption. If decryption is set then
the input data is base64 decoded before being decrypted.
.IP "\fB\-base64\fR" 4
.IX Item "-base64"
Same as \fB\-a\fR
.IP "\fB\-A\fR" 4
.IX Item "-A"
If the \fB\-a\fR option is set then base64 process the data on one line.
.IP "\fB\-k password\fR" 4
.IX Item "-k password"
The password to derive the key from. This is for compatibility with previous
versions of OpenSSL. Superseded by the \fB\-pass\fR argument.
.IP "\fB\-kfile filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-kfile filename"
Read the password to derive the key from the first line of \fBfilename\fR.
This is for compatibility with previous versions of OpenSSL. Superseded by
the \fB\-pass\fR argument.
.IP "\fB\-md digest\fR" 4
.IX Item "-md digest"
Use the specified digest to create the key from the passphrase.
The default algorithm is sha\-256.
.IP "\fB\-iter count\fR" 4
.IX Item "-iter count"
Use a given number of iterations on the password in deriving the encryption key.
High values increase the time required to brute-force the resulting file.
This option enables the use of \s-1PBKDF2\s0 algorithm to derive the key.
.IP "\fB\-pbkdf2\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pbkdf2"
Use \s-1PBKDF2\s0 algorithm with default iteration count unless otherwise specified.
.IP "\fB\-nosalt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nosalt"
Don't use a salt in the key derivation routines. This option \fB\s-1SHOULD NOT\s0\fR be
used except for test purposes or compatibility with ancient versions of
OpenSSL.
.IP "\fB\-salt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-salt"
Use salt (randomly generated or provide with \fB\-S\fR option) when
encrypting, this is the default.
.IP "\fB\-S salt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-S salt"
The actual salt to use: this must be represented as a string of hex digits.
.IP "\fB\-K key\fR" 4
.IX Item "-K key"
The actual key to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only
of hex digits. If only the key is specified, the \s-1IV\s0 must additionally specified
using the \fB\-iv\fR option. When both a key and a password are specified, the
key given with the \fB\-K\fR option will be used and the \s-1IV\s0 generated from the
password will be taken. It does not make much sense to specify both key
and password.
.IP "\fB\-iv \s-1IV\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "-iv IV"
The actual \s-1IV\s0 to use: this must be represented as a string comprised only
of hex digits. When only the key is specified using the \fB\-K\fR option, the
\&\s-1IV\s0 must explicitly be defined. When a password is being specified using
one of the other options, the \s-1IV\s0 is generated from this password.
.IP "\fB\-p\fR" 4
.IX Item "-p"
Print out the key and \s-1IV\s0 used.
.IP "\fB\-P\fR" 4
.IX Item "-P"
Print out the key and \s-1IV\s0 used then immediately exit: don't do any encryption
or decryption.
.IP "\fB\-bufsize number\fR" 4
.IX Item "-bufsize number"
Set the buffer size for I/O.
.IP "\fB\-nopad\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nopad"
Disable standard block padding.
.IP "\fB\-debug\fR" 4
.IX Item "-debug"
Debug the BIOs used for I/O.
.IP "\fB\-z\fR" 4
.IX Item "-z"
Compress or decompress clear text using zlib before encryption or after
decryption. This option exists only if OpenSSL with compiled with zlib
or zlib-dynamic option.
.IP "\fB\-none\fR" 4
.IX Item "-none"
Use \s-1NULL\s0 cipher (no encryption or decryption of input).
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The program can be called either as \fBopenssl cipher\fR or
\&\fBopenssl enc \-cipher\fR. The first form doesn't work with
engine-provided ciphers, because this form is processed before the
configuration file is read and any ENGINEs loaded.
Use the \fBlist\fR command to get a list of supported ciphers.
.PP
Engines which provide entirely new encryption algorithms (such as the ccgost
engine which provides gost89 algorithm) should be configured in the
configuration file. Engines specified on the command line using \-engine
options can only be used for hardware-assisted implementations of
ciphers which are supported by the OpenSSL core or another engine specified
in the configuration file.
.PP
When the enc command lists supported ciphers, ciphers provided by engines,
specified in the configuration files are listed too.
.PP
A password will be prompted for to derive the key and \s-1IV\s0 if necessary.
.PP
The \fB\-salt\fR option should \fB\s-1ALWAYS\s0\fR be used if the key is being derived
from a password unless you want compatibility with previous versions of
OpenSSL.
.PP
Without the \fB\-salt\fR option it is possible to perform efficient dictionary
attacks on the password and to attack stream cipher encrypted data. The reason
for this is that without the salt the same password always generates the same
encryption key. When the salt is being used the first eight bytes of the
encrypted data are reserved for the salt: it is generated at random when
encrypting a file and read from the encrypted file when it is decrypted.
.PP
Some of the ciphers do not have large keys and others have security
implications if not used correctly. A beginner is advised to just use
a strong block cipher, such as \s-1AES,\s0 in \s-1CBC\s0 mode.
.PP
All the block ciphers normally use PKCS#5 padding, also known as standard
block padding. This allows a rudimentary integrity or password check to
be performed. However since the chance of random data passing the test
is better than 1 in 256 it isn't a very good test.
.PP
If padding is disabled then the input data must be a multiple of the cipher
block length.
.PP
All \s-1RC2\s0 ciphers have the same key and effective key length.
.PP
Blowfish and \s-1RC5\s0 algorithms use a 128 bit key.
.SH "SUPPORTED CIPHERS"
.IX Header "SUPPORTED CIPHERS"
Note that some of these ciphers can be disabled at compile time
and some are available only if an appropriate engine is configured
in the configuration file. The output of the \fBenc\fR command run with
the \fB\-ciphers\fR option (that is \fBopenssl enc \-ciphers\fR) produces a
list of ciphers, supported by your version of OpenSSL, including
ones provided by configured engines.
.PP
The \fBenc\fR program does not support authenticated encryption modes
like \s-1CCM\s0 and \s-1GCM,\s0 and will not support such modes in the future.
The \fBenc\fR interface by necessity must begin streaming output (e.g.,
to standard output when \fB\-out\fR is not used) before the authentication
tag could be validated, leading to the usage of \fBenc\fR in pipelines
that begin processing untrusted data and are not capable of rolling
back upon authentication failure. The \s-1AEAD\s0 modes currently in common
use also suffer from catastrophic failure of confidentiality and/or
integrity upon reuse of key/iv/nonce, and since \fBenc\fR places the
entire burden of key/iv/nonce management upon the user, the risk of
exposing \s-1AEAD\s0 modes is too great to allow. These key/iv/nonce
management issues also affect other modes currently exposed in \fBenc\fR,
but the failure modes are less extreme in these cases, and the
functionality cannot be removed with a stable release branch.
For bulk encryption of data, whether using authenticated encryption
modes or other modes, \fBcms\fR\|(1) is recommended, as it provides a
standard data format and performs the needed key/iv/nonce management.
.PP
.Vb 1
\& base64 Base 64
\&
\& bf\-cbc Blowfish in CBC mode
\& bf Alias for bf\-cbc
\& blowfish Alias for bf\-cbc
\& bf\-cfb Blowfish in CFB mode
\& bf\-ecb Blowfish in ECB mode
\& bf\-ofb Blowfish in OFB mode
\&
\& cast\-cbc CAST in CBC mode
\& cast Alias for cast\-cbc
\& cast5\-cbc CAST5 in CBC mode
\& cast5\-cfb CAST5 in CFB mode
\& cast5\-ecb CAST5 in ECB mode
\& cast5\-ofb CAST5 in OFB mode
\&
\& chacha20 ChaCha20 algorithm
\&
\& des\-cbc DES in CBC mode
\& des Alias for des\-cbc
\& des\-cfb DES in CFB mode
\& des\-ofb DES in OFB mode
\& des\-ecb DES in ECB mode
\&
\& des\-ede\-cbc Two key triple DES EDE in CBC mode
\& des\-ede Two key triple DES EDE in ECB mode
\& des\-ede\-cfb Two key triple DES EDE in CFB mode
\& des\-ede\-ofb Two key triple DES EDE in OFB mode
\&
\& des\-ede3\-cbc Three key triple DES EDE in CBC mode
\& des\-ede3 Three key triple DES EDE in ECB mode
\& des3 Alias for des\-ede3\-cbc
\& des\-ede3\-cfb Three key triple DES EDE CFB mode
\& des\-ede3\-ofb Three key triple DES EDE in OFB mode
\&
\& desx DESX algorithm.
\&
\& gost89 GOST 28147\-89 in CFB mode (provided by ccgost engine)
\& gost89\-cnt \`GOST 28147\-89 in CNT mode (provided by ccgost engine)
\&
\& idea\-cbc IDEA algorithm in CBC mode
\& idea same as idea\-cbc
\& idea\-cfb IDEA in CFB mode
\& idea\-ecb IDEA in ECB mode
\& idea\-ofb IDEA in OFB mode
\&
\& rc2\-cbc 128 bit RC2 in CBC mode
\& rc2 Alias for rc2\-cbc
\& rc2\-cfb 128 bit RC2 in CFB mode
\& rc2\-ecb 128 bit RC2 in ECB mode
\& rc2\-ofb 128 bit RC2 in OFB mode
\& rc2\-64\-cbc 64 bit RC2 in CBC mode
\& rc2\-40\-cbc 40 bit RC2 in CBC mode
\&
\& rc4 128 bit RC4
\& rc4\-64 64 bit RC4
\& rc4\-40 40 bit RC4
\&
\& rc5\-cbc RC5 cipher in CBC mode
\& rc5 Alias for rc5\-cbc
\& rc5\-cfb RC5 cipher in CFB mode
\& rc5\-ecb RC5 cipher in ECB mode
\& rc5\-ofb RC5 cipher in OFB mode
\&
\& seed\-cbc SEED cipher in CBC mode
\& seed Alias for seed\-cbc
\& seed\-cfb SEED cipher in CFB mode
\& seed\-ecb SEED cipher in ECB mode
\& seed\-ofb SEED cipher in OFB mode
\&
\& sm4\-cbc SM4 cipher in CBC mode
\& sm4 Alias for sm4\-cbc
\& sm4\-cfb SM4 cipher in CFB mode
\& sm4\-ctr SM4 cipher in CTR mode
\& sm4\-ecb SM4 cipher in ECB mode
\& sm4\-ofb SM4 cipher in OFB mode
\&
\& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cbc 128/192/256 bit AES in CBC mode
\& aes[128|192|256] Alias for aes\-[128|192|256]\-cbc
\& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cfb 128/192/256 bit AES in 128 bit CFB mode
\& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cfb1 128/192/256 bit AES in 1 bit CFB mode
\& aes\-[128|192|256]\-cfb8 128/192/256 bit AES in 8 bit CFB mode
\& aes\-[128|192|256]\-ctr 128/192/256 bit AES in CTR mode
\& aes\-[128|192|256]\-ecb 128/192/256 bit AES in ECB mode
\& aes\-[128|192|256]\-ofb 128/192/256 bit AES in OFB mode
\&
\& aria\-[128|192|256]\-cbc 128/192/256 bit ARIA in CBC mode
\& aria[128|192|256] Alias for aria\-[128|192|256]\-cbc
\& aria\-[128|192|256]\-cfb 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 128 bit CFB mode
\& aria\-[128|192|256]\-cfb1 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 1 bit CFB mode
\& aria\-[128|192|256]\-cfb8 128/192/256 bit ARIA in 8 bit CFB mode
\& aria\-[128|192|256]\-ctr 128/192/256 bit ARIA in CTR mode
\& aria\-[128|192|256]\-ecb 128/192/256 bit ARIA in ECB mode
\& aria\-[128|192|256]\-ofb 128/192/256 bit ARIA in OFB mode
\&
\& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cbc 128/192/256 bit Camellia in CBC mode
\& camellia[128|192|256] Alias for camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cbc
\& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cfb 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 128 bit CFB mode
\& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cfb1 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 1 bit CFB mode
\& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-cfb8 128/192/256 bit Camellia in 8 bit CFB mode
\& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-ctr 128/192/256 bit Camellia in CTR mode
\& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-ecb 128/192/256 bit Camellia in ECB mode
\& camellia\-[128|192|256]\-ofb 128/192/256 bit Camellia in OFB mode
.Ve
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Just base64 encode a binary file:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl base64 \-in file.bin \-out file.b64
.Ve
.PP
Decode the same file
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl base64 \-d \-in file.b64 \-out file.bin
.Ve
.PP
Encrypt a file using \s-1AES\-128\s0 using a prompted password
and \s-1PBKDF2\s0 key derivation:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl enc \-aes128 \-pbkdf2 \-in file.txt \-out file.aes128
.Ve
.PP
Decrypt a file using a supplied password:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl enc \-aes128 \-pbkdf2 \-d \-in file.aes128 \-out file.txt \e
\& \-pass pass:<password>
.Ve
.PP
Encrypt a file then base64 encode it (so it can be sent via mail for example)
using \s-1AES\-256\s0 in \s-1CTR\s0 mode and \s-1PBKDF2\s0 key derivation:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl enc \-aes\-256\-ctr \-pbkdf2 \-a \-in file.txt \-out file.aes256
.Ve
.PP
Base64 decode a file then decrypt it using a password supplied in a file:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl enc \-aes\-256\-ctr \-pbkdf2 \-d \-a \-in file.aes256 \-out file.txt \e
\& \-pass file:<passfile>
.Ve
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
The \fB\-A\fR option when used with large files doesn't work properly.
.PP
The \fBenc\fR program only supports a fixed number of algorithms with
certain parameters. So if, for example, you want to use \s-1RC2\s0 with a
76 bit key or \s-1RC4\s0 with an 84 bit key you can't use this program.
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
The default digest was changed from \s-1MD5\s0 to \s-1SHA256\s0 in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
.PP
The \fB\-list\fR option was added in OpenSSL 1.1.1e.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
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.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
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.\"
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\{\
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "ENGINE 1"
.TH ENGINE 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-engine, engine \- load and query engines
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl engine\fR
[ \fIengine...\fR ]
[\fB\-v\fR]
[\fB\-vv\fR]
[\fB\-vvv\fR]
[\fB\-vvv\fR]
[\fB\-vvv\fR]
[\fB\-c\fR]
[\fB\-t\fR]
[\fB\-tt\fR]
[\fB\-pre\fR \fIcommand\fR]
[\fB\-post\fR \fIcommand\fR]
[ \fIengine...\fR ]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBengine\fR command is used to query the status and capabilities
of the specified \fBengine\fR's.
Engines may be specified before and after all other command-line flags.
Only those specified are queried.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-v\fR \fB\-vv\fR \fB\-vvv\fR \fB\-vvvv\fR" 4
.IX Item "-v -vv -vvv -vvvv"
Provides information about each specified engine. The first flag lists
all the possible run-time control commands; the second adds a
description of each command; the third adds the input flags, and the
final option adds the internal input flags.
.IP "\fB\-c\fR" 4
.IX Item "-c"
Lists the capabilities of each engine.
.IP "\fB\-t\fR" 4
.IX Item "-t"
Tests if each specified engine is available, and displays the answer.
.IP "\fB\-tt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-tt"
Displays an error trace for any unavailable engine.
.IP "\fB\-pre\fR \fIcommand\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pre command"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-post\fR \fIcommand\fR" 4
.IX Item "-post command"
.PD
Command-line configuration of engines.
The \fB\-pre\fR command is given to the engine before it is loaded and
the \fB\-post\fR command is given after the engine is loaded.
The \fIcommand\fR is of the form \fIcmd:val\fR where \fIcmd\fR is the command,
and \fIval\fR is the value for the command.
See the example below.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
To list all the commands available to a dynamic engine:
.PP
.Vb 10
\& $ openssl engine \-t \-tt \-vvvv dynamic
\& (dynamic) Dynamic engine loading support
\& [ unavailable ]
\& SO_PATH: Specifies the path to the new ENGINE shared library
\& (input flags): STRING
\& NO_VCHECK: Specifies to continue even if version checking fails (boolean)
\& (input flags): NUMERIC
\& ID: Specifies an ENGINE id name for loading
\& (input flags): STRING
\& LIST_ADD: Whether to add a loaded ENGINE to the internal list (0=no,1=yes,2=mandatory)
\& (input flags): NUMERIC
\& DIR_LOAD: Specifies whether to load from \*(AqDIR_ADD\*(Aq directories (0=no,1=yes,2=mandatory)
\& (input flags): NUMERIC
\& DIR_ADD: Adds a directory from which ENGINEs can be loaded
\& (input flags): STRING
\& LOAD: Load up the ENGINE specified by other settings
\& (input flags): NO_INPUT
.Ve
.PP
To list the capabilities of the \fIrsax\fR engine:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& $ openssl engine \-c
\& (rsax) RSAX engine support
\& [RSA]
\& (dynamic) Dynamic engine loading support
.Ve
.SH "ENVIRONMENT"
.IX Header "ENVIRONMENT"
.IP "\fB\s-1OPENSSL_ENGINES\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "OPENSSL_ENGINES"
The path to the engines directory.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBconfig\fR\|(5)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2016\-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
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..
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.\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
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.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
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.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
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..
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.\"
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. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
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\{\
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "ERRSTR 1"
.TH ERRSTR 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-errstr, errstr \- lookup error codes
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl errstr error_code\fR
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
Sometimes an application will not load error message and only
numerical forms will be available. The \fBerrstr\fR utility can be used to
display the meaning of the hex code. The hex code is the hex digits after the
second colon.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
None.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
The error code:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& 27594:error:2006D080:lib(32):func(109):reason(128):bss_file.c:107:
.Ve
.PP
can be displayed with:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl errstr 2006D080
.Ve
.PP
to produce the error message:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& error:2006D080:BIO routines:BIO_new_file:no such file
.Ve
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2004\-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
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.\"
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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "GENDSA 1"
.TH GENDSA 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-gendsa, gendsa \- generate a DSA private key from a set of parameters
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBgendsa\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-aes128\fR]
[\fB\-aes192\fR]
[\fB\-aes256\fR]
[\fB\-aria128\fR]
[\fB\-aria192\fR]
[\fB\-aria256\fR]
[\fB\-camellia128\fR]
[\fB\-camellia192\fR]
[\fB\-camellia256\fR]
[\fB\-des\fR]
[\fB\-des3\fR]
[\fB\-idea\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fBparamfile\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBgendsa\fR command generates a \s-1DSA\s0 private key from a \s-1DSA\s0 parameter file
(which will be typically generated by the \fBopenssl dsaparam\fR command).
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
Output the key to the specified file. If this argument is not specified then
standard output is used.
.IP "\fB\-aes128\fR, \fB\-aes192\fR, \fB\-aes256\fR, \fB\-aria128\fR, \fB\-aria192\fR, \fB\-aria256\fR, \fB\-camellia128\fR, \fB\-camellia192\fR, \fB\-camellia256\fR, \fB\-des\fR, \fB\-des3\fR, \fB\-idea\fR" 4
.IX Item "-aes128, -aes192, -aes256, -aria128, -aria192, -aria256, -camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256, -des, -des3, -idea"
These options encrypt the private key with specified
cipher before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for.
If none of these options is specified no encryption is used.
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBgendsa\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.IP "\fBparamfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "paramfile"
This option specifies the \s-1DSA\s0 parameter file to use. The parameters in this
file determine the size of the private key. \s-1DSA\s0 parameters can be generated
and examined using the \fBopenssl dsaparam\fR command.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
\&\s-1DSA\s0 key generation is little more than random number generation so it is
much quicker that \s-1RSA\s0 key generation for example.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBdsaparam\fR\|(1), \fBdsa\fR\|(1), \fBgenrsa\fR\|(1),
\&\fBrsa\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
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.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
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..
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.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "GENPKEY 1"
.TH GENPKEY 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-genpkey, genpkey \- generate a private key
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBgenpkey\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-pass arg\fR]
[\fB\-\f(BIcipher\fB\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fB\-paramfile file\fR]
[\fB\-algorithm alg\fR]
[\fB\-pkeyopt opt:value\fR]
[\fB\-genparam\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBgenpkey\fR command generates a private key.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
Output the key to the specified file. If this argument is not specified then
standard output is used.
.IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform DER|PEM"
This specifies the output format \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM.\s0 The default format is \s-1PEM.\s0
.IP "\fB\-pass arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pass arg"
The output file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-\f(BIcipher\fB\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cipher"
This option encrypts the private key with the supplied cipher. Any algorithm
name accepted by \fBEVP_get_cipherbyname()\fR is acceptable such as \fBdes3\fR.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBgenpkey\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms. If used this option should precede all other
options.
.IP "\fB\-algorithm alg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-algorithm alg"
Public key algorithm to use such as \s-1RSA, DSA\s0 or \s-1DH.\s0 If used this option must
precede any \fB\-pkeyopt\fR options. The options \fB\-paramfile\fR and \fB\-algorithm\fR
are mutually exclusive. Engines may add algorithms in addition to the standard
built-in ones.
.Sp
Valid built-in algorithm names for private key generation are \s-1RSA,\s0 RSA-PSS, \s-1EC,
X25519, X448, ED25519\s0 and \s-1ED448.\s0
.Sp
Valid built-in algorithm names for parameter generation (see the \fB\-genparam\fR
option) are \s-1DH, DSA\s0 and \s-1EC.\s0
.Sp
Note that the algorithm name X9.42 \s-1DH\s0 may be used as a synonym for the \s-1DH\s0
algorithm. These are identical and do not indicate the type of parameters that
will be generated. Use the \fBdh_paramgen_type\fR option to indicate whether PKCS#3
or X9.42 \s-1DH\s0 parameters are required. See \*(L"\s-1DH\s0 Parameter Generation Options\*(R"
below for more details.
.IP "\fB\-pkeyopt opt:value\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pkeyopt opt:value"
Set the public key algorithm option \fBopt\fR to \fBvalue\fR. The precise set of
options supported depends on the public key algorithm used and its
implementation. See \*(L"\s-1KEY GENERATION OPTIONS\*(R"\s0 and
\&\*(L"\s-1PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS\*(R"\s0 below for more details.
.IP "\fB\-genparam\fR" 4
.IX Item "-genparam"
Generate a set of parameters instead of a private key. If used this option must
precede any \fB\-algorithm\fR, \fB\-paramfile\fR or \fB\-pkeyopt\fR options.
.IP "\fB\-paramfile filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-paramfile filename"
Some public key algorithms generate a private key based on a set of parameters.
They can be supplied using this option. If this option is used the public key
algorithm used is determined by the parameters. If used this option must
precede any \fB\-pkeyopt\fR options. The options \fB\-paramfile\fR and \fB\-algorithm\fR
are mutually exclusive.
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
Print an (unencrypted) text representation of private and public keys and
parameters along with the \s-1PEM\s0 or \s-1DER\s0 structure.
.SH "KEY GENERATION OPTIONS"
.IX Header "KEY GENERATION OPTIONS"
The options supported by each algorithm and indeed each implementation of an
algorithm can vary. The options for the OpenSSL implementations are detailed
below. There are no key generation options defined for the X25519, X448, \s-1ED25519\s0
or \s-1ED448\s0 algorithms.
.SS "\s-1RSA\s0 Key Generation Options"
.IX Subsection "RSA Key Generation Options"
.IP "\fBrsa_keygen_bits:numbits\fR" 4
.IX Item "rsa_keygen_bits:numbits"
The number of bits in the generated key. If not specified 2048 is used.
.IP "\fBrsa_keygen_primes:numprimes\fR" 4
.IX Item "rsa_keygen_primes:numprimes"
The number of primes in the generated key. If not specified 2 is used.
.IP "\fBrsa_keygen_pubexp:value\fR" 4
.IX Item "rsa_keygen_pubexp:value"
The \s-1RSA\s0 public exponent value. This can be a large decimal or
hexadecimal value if preceded by \fB0x\fR. Default value is 65537.
.SS "RSA-PSS Key Generation Options"
.IX Subsection "RSA-PSS Key Generation Options"
Note: by default an \fBRSA-PSS\fR key has no parameter restrictions.
.IP "\fBrsa_keygen_bits:numbits\fR, \fBrsa_keygen_primes:numprimes\fR, \fBrsa_keygen_pubexp:value\fR" 4
.IX Item "rsa_keygen_bits:numbits, rsa_keygen_primes:numprimes, rsa_keygen_pubexp:value"
These options have the same meaning as the \fB\s-1RSA\s0\fR algorithm.
.IP "\fBrsa_pss_keygen_md:digest\fR" 4
.IX Item "rsa_pss_keygen_md:digest"
If set the key is restricted and can only use \fBdigest\fR for signing.
.IP "\fBrsa_pss_keygen_mgf1_md:digest\fR" 4
.IX Item "rsa_pss_keygen_mgf1_md:digest"
If set the key is restricted and can only use \fBdigest\fR as it's \s-1MGF1\s0
parameter.
.IP "\fBrsa_pss_keygen_saltlen:len\fR" 4
.IX Item "rsa_pss_keygen_saltlen:len"
If set the key is restricted and \fBlen\fR specifies the minimum salt length.
.SS "\s-1EC\s0 Key Generation Options"
.IX Subsection "EC Key Generation Options"
The \s-1EC\s0 key generation options can also be used for parameter generation.
.IP "\fBec_paramgen_curve:curve\fR" 4
.IX Item "ec_paramgen_curve:curve"
The \s-1EC\s0 curve to use. OpenSSL supports \s-1NIST\s0 curve names such as \*(L"P\-256\*(R".
.IP "\fBec_param_enc:encoding\fR" 4
.IX Item "ec_param_enc:encoding"
The encoding to use for parameters. The \*(L"encoding\*(R" parameter must be either
\&\*(L"named_curve\*(R" or \*(L"explicit\*(R". The default value is \*(L"named_curve\*(R".
.SH "PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS"
.IX Header "PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS"
The options supported by each algorithm and indeed each implementation of an
algorithm can vary. The options for the OpenSSL implementations are detailed
below.
.SS "\s-1DSA\s0 Parameter Generation Options"
.IX Subsection "DSA Parameter Generation Options"
.IP "\fBdsa_paramgen_bits:numbits\fR" 4
.IX Item "dsa_paramgen_bits:numbits"
The number of bits in the generated prime. If not specified 2048 is used.
.IP "\fBdsa_paramgen_q_bits:numbits\fR" 4
.IX Item "dsa_paramgen_q_bits:numbits"
The number of bits in the q parameter. Must be one of 160, 224 or 256. If not
specified 224 is used.
.IP "\fBdsa_paramgen_md:digest\fR" 4
.IX Item "dsa_paramgen_md:digest"
The digest to use during parameter generation. Must be one of \fBsha1\fR, \fBsha224\fR
or \fBsha256\fR. If set, then the number of bits in \fBq\fR will match the output size
of the specified digest and the \fBdsa_paramgen_q_bits\fR parameter will be
ignored. If not set, then a digest will be used that gives an output matching
the number of bits in \fBq\fR, i.e. \fBsha1\fR if q length is 160, \fBsha224\fR if it 224
or \fBsha256\fR if it is 256.
.SS "\s-1DH\s0 Parameter Generation Options"
.IX Subsection "DH Parameter Generation Options"
.IP "\fBdh_paramgen_prime_len:numbits\fR" 4
.IX Item "dh_paramgen_prime_len:numbits"
The number of bits in the prime parameter \fBp\fR. The default is 2048.
.IP "\fBdh_paramgen_subprime_len:numbits\fR" 4
.IX Item "dh_paramgen_subprime_len:numbits"
The number of bits in the sub prime parameter \fBq\fR. The default is 256 if the
prime is at least 2048 bits long or 160 otherwise. Only relevant if used in
conjunction with the \fBdh_paramgen_type\fR option to generate X9.42 \s-1DH\s0 parameters.
.IP "\fBdh_paramgen_generator:value\fR" 4
.IX Item "dh_paramgen_generator:value"
The value to use for the generator \fBg\fR. The default is 2.
.IP "\fBdh_paramgen_type:value\fR" 4
.IX Item "dh_paramgen_type:value"
The type of \s-1DH\s0 parameters to generate. Use 0 for PKCS#3 \s-1DH\s0 and 1 for X9.42 \s-1DH.\s0
The default is 0.
.IP "\fBdh_rfc5114:num\fR" 4
.IX Item "dh_rfc5114:num"
If this option is set, then the appropriate \s-1RFC5114\s0 parameters are used
instead of generating new parameters. The value \fBnum\fR can take the
values 1, 2 or 3 corresponding to \s-1RFC5114 DH\s0 parameters consisting of
1024 bit group with 160 bit subgroup, 2048 bit group with 224 bit subgroup
and 2048 bit group with 256 bit subgroup as mentioned in \s-1RFC5114\s0 sections
2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 respectively. If present this overrides all other \s-1DH\s0 parameter
options.
.SS "\s-1EC\s0 Parameter Generation Options"
.IX Subsection "EC Parameter Generation Options"
The \s-1EC\s0 parameter generation options are the same as for key generation. See
\&\*(L"\s-1EC\s0 Key Generation Options\*(R" above.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The use of the genpkey program is encouraged over the algorithm specific
utilities because additional algorithm options and \s-1ENGINE\s0 provided algorithms
can be used.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Generate an \s-1RSA\s0 private key using default parameters:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl genpkey \-algorithm RSA \-out key.pem
.Ve
.PP
Encrypt output private key using 128 bit \s-1AES\s0 and the passphrase \*(L"hello\*(R":
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl genpkey \-algorithm RSA \-out key.pem \-aes\-128\-cbc \-pass pass:hello
.Ve
.PP
Generate a 2048 bit \s-1RSA\s0 key using 3 as the public exponent:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl genpkey \-algorithm RSA \-out key.pem \e
\& \-pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048 \-pkeyopt rsa_keygen_pubexp:3
.Ve
.PP
Generate 2048 bit \s-1DSA\s0 parameters:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl genpkey \-genparam \-algorithm DSA \-out dsap.pem \e
\& \-pkeyopt dsa_paramgen_bits:2048
.Ve
.PP
Generate \s-1DSA\s0 key from parameters:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl genpkey \-paramfile dsap.pem \-out dsakey.pem
.Ve
.PP
Generate 2048 bit \s-1DH\s0 parameters:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl genpkey \-genparam \-algorithm DH \-out dhp.pem \e
\& \-pkeyopt dh_paramgen_prime_len:2048
.Ve
.PP
Generate 2048 bit X9.42 \s-1DH\s0 parameters:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& openssl genpkey \-genparam \-algorithm DH \-out dhpx.pem \e
\& \-pkeyopt dh_paramgen_prime_len:2048 \e
\& \-pkeyopt dh_paramgen_type:1
.Ve
.PP
Output \s-1RFC5114 2048\s0 bit \s-1DH\s0 parameters with 224 bit subgroup:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl genpkey \-genparam \-algorithm DH \-out dhp.pem \-pkeyopt dh_rfc5114:2
.Ve
.PP
Generate \s-1DH\s0 key from parameters:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl genpkey \-paramfile dhp.pem \-out dhkey.pem
.Ve
.PP
Generate \s-1EC\s0 parameters:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& openssl genpkey \-genparam \-algorithm EC \-out ecp.pem \e
\& \-pkeyopt ec_paramgen_curve:secp384r1 \e
\& \-pkeyopt ec_param_enc:named_curve
.Ve
.PP
Generate \s-1EC\s0 key from parameters:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl genpkey \-paramfile ecp.pem \-out eckey.pem
.Ve
.PP
Generate \s-1EC\s0 key directly:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& openssl genpkey \-algorithm EC \-out eckey.pem \e
\& \-pkeyopt ec_paramgen_curve:P\-384 \e
\& \-pkeyopt ec_param_enc:named_curve
.Ve
.PP
Generate an X25519 private key:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl genpkey \-algorithm X25519 \-out xkey.pem
.Ve
.PP
Generate an \s-1ED448\s0 private key:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl genpkey \-algorithm ED448 \-out xkey.pem
.Ve
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
The ability to use \s-1NIST\s0 curve names, and to generate an \s-1EC\s0 key directly,
were added in OpenSSL 1.0.2.
The ability to generate X25519 keys was added in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
The ability to generate X448, \s-1ED25519\s0 and \s-1ED448\s0 keys was added in OpenSSL 1.1.1.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2006\-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "GENRSA 1"
.TH GENRSA 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-genrsa, genrsa \- generate an RSA private key
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBgenrsa\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-passout arg\fR]
[\fB\-aes128\fR]
[\fB\-aes192\fR]
[\fB\-aes256\fR]
[\fB\-aria128\fR]
[\fB\-aria192\fR]
[\fB\-aria256\fR]
[\fB\-camellia128\fR]
[\fB\-camellia192\fR]
[\fB\-camellia256\fR]
[\fB\-des\fR]
[\fB\-des3\fR]
[\fB\-idea\fR]
[\fB\-f4\fR]
[\fB\-3\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fB\-primes num\fR]
[\fBnumbits\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBgenrsa\fR command generates an \s-1RSA\s0 private key.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
Output the key to the specified file. If this argument is not specified then
standard output is used.
.IP "\fB\-passout arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passout arg"
The output file password source. For more information about the format
of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-aes128\fR, \fB\-aes192\fR, \fB\-aes256\fR, \fB\-aria128\fR, \fB\-aria192\fR, \fB\-aria256\fR, \fB\-camellia128\fR, \fB\-camellia192\fR, \fB\-camellia256\fR, \fB\-des\fR, \fB\-des3\fR, \fB\-idea\fR" 4
.IX Item "-aes128, -aes192, -aes256, -aria128, -aria192, -aria256, -camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256, -des, -des3, -idea"
These options encrypt the private key with specified
cipher before outputting it. If none of these options is
specified no encryption is used. If encryption is used a pass phrase is prompted
for if it is not supplied via the \fB\-passout\fR argument.
.IP "\fB\-F4|\-3\fR" 4
.IX Item "-F4|-3"
The public exponent to use, either 65537 or 3. The default is 65537.
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBgenrsa\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.IP "\fB\-primes num\fR" 4
.IX Item "-primes num"
Specify the number of primes to use while generating the \s-1RSA\s0 key. The \fBnum\fR
parameter must be a positive integer that is greater than 1 and less than 16.
If \fBnum\fR is greater than 2, then the generated key is called a 'multi\-prime'
\&\s-1RSA\s0 key, which is defined in \s-1RFC 8017.\s0
.IP "\fBnumbits\fR" 4
.IX Item "numbits"
The size of the private key to generate in bits. This must be the last option
specified. The default is 2048 and values less than 512 are not allowed.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
\&\s-1RSA\s0 private key generation essentially involves the generation of two or more
prime numbers. When generating a private key various symbols will be output to
indicate the progress of the generation. A \fB.\fR represents each number which
has passed an initial sieve test, \fB+\fR means a number has passed a single
round of the Miller-Rabin primality test, \fB*\fR means the current prime starts
a regenerating progress due to some failed tests. A newline means that the number
has passed all the prime tests (the actual number depends on the key size).
.PP
Because key generation is a random process the time taken to generate a key
may vary somewhat. But in general, more primes lead to less generation time
of a key.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBgendsa\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
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.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
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.el .ds Aq '
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.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "LIST 1"
.TH LIST 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-list, list \- list algorithms and features
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl list\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-1\fR]
[\fB\-commands\fR]
[\fB\-digest\-commands\fR]
[\fB\-digest\-algorithms\fR]
[\fB\-cipher\-commands\fR]
[\fB\-cipher\-algorithms\fR]
[\fB\-public\-key\-algorithms\fR]
[\fB\-public\-key\-methods\fR]
[\fB\-disabled\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
This command is used to generate list of algorithms or disabled
features.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Display a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-1\fR" 4
.IX Item "-1"
List the commands, digest-commands, or cipher-commands in a single column.
If used, this option must be given first.
.IP "\fB\-commands\fR" 4
.IX Item "-commands"
Display a list of standard commands.
.IP "\fB\-digest\-commands\fR" 4
.IX Item "-digest-commands"
Display a list of message digest commands, which are typically used
as input to the \fBdgst\fR\|(1) or \fBspeed\fR\|(1) commands.
.IP "\fB\-digest\-algorithms\fR" 4
.IX Item "-digest-algorithms"
Display a list of message digest algorithms.
If a line is of the form
foo => bar
then \fBfoo\fR is an alias for the official algorithm name, \fBbar\fR.
.IP "\fB\-cipher\-commands\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cipher-commands"
Display a list of cipher commands, which are typically used as input
to the \fBdgst\fR\|(1) or \fBspeed\fR\|(1) commands.
.IP "\fB\-cipher\-algorithms\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cipher-algorithms"
Display a list of cipher algorithms.
If a line is of the form
foo => bar
then \fBfoo\fR is an alias for the official algorithm name, \fBbar\fR.
.IP "\fB\-public\-key\-algorithms\fR" 4
.IX Item "-public-key-algorithms"
Display a list of public key algorithms, with each algorithm as
a block of multiple lines, all but the first are indented.
.IP "\fB\-public\-key\-methods\fR" 4
.IX Item "-public-key-methods"
Display a list of public key method OIDs: this also includes public key methods
without an associated \s-1ASN.1\s0 method, for example, \s-1KDF\s0 algorithms.
.IP "\fB\-disabled\fR" 4
.IX Item "-disabled"
Display a list of disabled features, those that were compiled out
of the installation.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2016\-2017 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
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.if n .sp
..
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..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
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.tr \(*W-
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.\"
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.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
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.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
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..
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.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
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.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
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. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
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\{\
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "NSEQ 1"
.TH NSEQ 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-nseq, nseq \- create or examine a Netscape certificate sequence
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBnseq\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-toseq\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBnseq\fR command takes a file containing a Netscape certificate
sequence and prints out the certificates contained in it or takes a
file of certificates and converts it into a Netscape certificate
sequence.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read or standard input if this
option is not specified.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
Specifies the output filename or standard output by default.
.IP "\fB\-toseq\fR" 4
.IX Item "-toseq"
Normally a Netscape certificate sequence will be input and the output
is the certificates contained in it. With the \fB\-toseq\fR option the
situation is reversed: a Netscape certificate sequence is created from
a file of certificates.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Output the certificates in a Netscape certificate sequence
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl nseq \-in nseq.pem \-out certs.pem
.Ve
.PP
Create a Netscape certificate sequence
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl nseq \-in certs.pem \-toseq \-out nseq.pem
.Ve
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR encoded form uses the same headers and footers as a certificate:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
A Netscape certificate sequence is a Netscape specific format that can be sent
to browsers as an alternative to the standard PKCS#7 format when several
certificates are sent to the browser: for example during certificate enrollment.
It is used by Netscape certificate server for example.
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
This program needs a few more options: like allowing \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM\s0 input and
output files and allowing multiple certificate files to be used.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2017 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
.\" Standard preamble:
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.if n .sp
..
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.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will
.\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
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'br\}
.el\{\
. ds -- \|\(em\|
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. ds C`
. ds C'
'br\}
.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
. if \nF \{\
. de IX
. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
..
. if !\nF==2 \{\
. nr % 0
. nr F 2
. \}
. \}
.\}
.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
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. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
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.\}
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.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
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.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
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.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "OCSP 1"
.TH OCSP 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-ocsp, ocsp \- Online Certificate Status Protocol utility
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBocsp\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-out file\fR]
[\fB\-issuer file\fR]
[\fB\-cert file\fR]
[\fB\-serial n\fR]
[\fB\-signer file\fR]
[\fB\-signkey file\fR]
[\fB\-sign_other file\fR]
[\fB\-no_certs\fR]
[\fB\-req_text\fR]
[\fB\-resp_text\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-reqout file\fR]
[\fB\-respout file\fR]
[\fB\-reqin file\fR]
[\fB\-respin file\fR]
[\fB\-nonce\fR]
[\fB\-no_nonce\fR]
[\fB\-url \s-1URL\s0\fR]
[\fB\-host host:port\fR]
[\fB\-multi process-count\fR]
[\fB\-header\fR]
[\fB\-path\fR]
[\fB\-CApath dir\fR]
[\fB\-CAfile file\fR]
[\fB\-no\-CAfile\fR]
[\fB\-no\-CApath\fR]
[\fB\-attime timestamp\fR]
[\fB\-check_ss_sig\fR]
[\fB\-crl_check\fR]
[\fB\-crl_check_all\fR]
[\fB\-explicit_policy\fR]
[\fB\-extended_crl\fR]
[\fB\-ignore_critical\fR]
[\fB\-inhibit_any\fR]
[\fB\-inhibit_map\fR]
[\fB\-no_check_time\fR]
[\fB\-partial_chain\fR]
[\fB\-policy arg\fR]
[\fB\-policy_check\fR]
[\fB\-policy_print\fR]
[\fB\-purpose purpose\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_128\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_128_only\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_192\fR]
[\fB\-trusted_first\fR]
[\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR]
[\fB\-use_deltas\fR]
[\fB\-auth_level num\fR]
[\fB\-verify_depth num\fR]
[\fB\-verify_email email\fR]
[\fB\-verify_hostname hostname\fR]
[\fB\-verify_ip ip\fR]
[\fB\-verify_name name\fR]
[\fB\-x509_strict\fR]
[\fB\-VAfile file\fR]
[\fB\-validity_period n\fR]
[\fB\-status_age n\fR]
[\fB\-noverify\fR]
[\fB\-verify_other file\fR]
[\fB\-trust_other\fR]
[\fB\-no_intern\fR]
[\fB\-no_signature_verify\fR]
[\fB\-no_cert_verify\fR]
[\fB\-no_chain\fR]
[\fB\-no_cert_checks\fR]
[\fB\-no_explicit\fR]
[\fB\-port num\fR]
[\fB\-ignore_err\fR]
[\fB\-index file\fR]
[\fB\-CA file\fR]
[\fB\-rsigner file\fR]
[\fB\-rkey file\fR]
[\fB\-rother file\fR]
[\fB\-rsigopt nm:v\fR]
[\fB\-resp_no_certs\fR]
[\fB\-nmin n\fR]
[\fB\-ndays n\fR]
[\fB\-resp_key_id\fR]
[\fB\-nrequest n\fR]
[\fB\-\f(BIdigest\fB\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The Online Certificate Status Protocol (\s-1OCSP\s0) enables applications to
determine the (revocation) state of an identified certificate (\s-1RFC 2560\s0).
.PP
The \fBocsp\fR command performs many common \s-1OCSP\s0 tasks. It can be used
to print out requests and responses, create requests and send queries
to an \s-1OCSP\s0 responder and behave like a mini \s-1OCSP\s0 server itself.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
This command operates as either a client or a server.
The options are described below, divided into those two modes.
.SS "\s-1OCSP\s0 Client Options"
.IX Subsection "OCSP Client Options"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
specify output filename, default is standard output.
.IP "\fB\-issuer filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-issuer filename"
This specifies the current issuer certificate. This option can be used
multiple times. The certificate specified in \fBfilename\fR must be in
\&\s-1PEM\s0 format. This option \fB\s-1MUST\s0\fR come before any \fB\-cert\fR options.
.IP "\fB\-cert filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cert filename"
Add the certificate \fBfilename\fR to the request. The issuer certificate
is taken from the previous \fBissuer\fR option, or an error occurs if no
issuer certificate is specified.
.IP "\fB\-serial num\fR" 4
.IX Item "-serial num"
Same as the \fBcert\fR option except the certificate with serial number
\&\fBnum\fR is added to the request. The serial number is interpreted as a
decimal integer unless preceded by \fB0x\fR. Negative integers can also
be specified by preceding the value by a \fB\-\fR sign.
.IP "\fB\-signer filename\fR, \fB\-signkey filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-signer filename, -signkey filename"
Sign the \s-1OCSP\s0 request using the certificate specified in the \fBsigner\fR
option and the private key specified by the \fBsignkey\fR option. If
the \fBsignkey\fR option is not present then the private key is read
from the same file as the certificate. If neither option is specified then
the \s-1OCSP\s0 request is not signed.
.IP "\fB\-sign_other filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sign_other filename"
Additional certificates to include in the signed request.
.IP "\fB\-nonce\fR, \fB\-no_nonce\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nonce, -no_nonce"
Add an \s-1OCSP\s0 nonce extension to a request or disable \s-1OCSP\s0 nonce addition.
Normally if an \s-1OCSP\s0 request is input using the \fBreqin\fR option no
nonce is added: using the \fBnonce\fR option will force addition of a nonce.
If an \s-1OCSP\s0 request is being created (using \fBcert\fR and \fBserial\fR options)
a nonce is automatically added specifying \fBno_nonce\fR overrides this.
.IP "\fB\-req_text\fR, \fB\-resp_text\fR, \fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-req_text, -resp_text, -text"
Print out the text form of the \s-1OCSP\s0 request, response or both respectively.
.IP "\fB\-reqout file\fR, \fB\-respout file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-reqout file, -respout file"
Write out the \s-1DER\s0 encoded certificate request or response to \fBfile\fR.
.IP "\fB\-reqin file\fR, \fB\-respin file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-reqin file, -respin file"
Read \s-1OCSP\s0 request or response file from \fBfile\fR. These option are ignored
if \s-1OCSP\s0 request or response creation is implied by other options (for example
with \fBserial\fR, \fBcert\fR and \fBhost\fR options).
.IP "\fB\-url responder_url\fR" 4
.IX Item "-url responder_url"
Specify the responder \s-1URL.\s0 Both \s-1HTTP\s0 and \s-1HTTPS\s0 (\s-1SSL/TLS\s0) URLs can be specified.
.IP "\fB\-host hostname:port\fR, \fB\-path pathname\fR" 4
.IX Item "-host hostname:port, -path pathname"
If the \fBhost\fR option is present then the \s-1OCSP\s0 request is sent to the host
\&\fBhostname\fR on port \fBport\fR. \fBpath\fR specifies the \s-1HTTP\s0 path name to use
or \*(L"/\*(R" by default. This is equivalent to specifying \fB\-url\fR with scheme
http:// and the given hostname, port, and pathname.
.IP "\fB\-header name=value\fR" 4
.IX Item "-header name=value"
Adds the header \fBname\fR with the specified \fBvalue\fR to the \s-1OCSP\s0 request
that is sent to the responder.
This may be repeated.
.IP "\fB\-timeout seconds\fR" 4
.IX Item "-timeout seconds"
Connection timeout to the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder in seconds.
On \s-1POSIX\s0 systems, when running as an \s-1OCSP\s0 responder, this option also limits
the time that the responder is willing to wait for the client request.
This time is measured from the time the responder accepts the connection until
the complete request is received.
.IP "\fB\-multi process-count\fR" 4
.IX Item "-multi process-count"
Run the specified number of \s-1OCSP\s0 responder child processes, with the parent
process respawning child processes as needed.
Child processes will detect changes in the \s-1CA\s0 index file and automatically
reload it.
When running as a responder \fB\-timeout\fR option is recommended to limit the time
each child is willing to wait for the client's \s-1OCSP\s0 response.
This option is available on \s-1POSIX\s0 systems (that support the \fBfork()\fR and other
required unix system-calls).
.IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR, \fB\-CApath pathname\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CAfile file, -CApath pathname"
File or pathname containing trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates. These are used to verify
the signature on the \s-1OCSP\s0 response.
.IP "\fB\-no\-CAfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no-CAfile"
Do not load the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates from the default file location
.IP "\fB\-no\-CApath\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no-CApath"
Do not load the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates from the default directory location
.IP "\fB\-attime\fR, \fB\-check_ss_sig\fR, \fB\-crl_check\fR, \fB\-crl_check_all\fR, \fB\-explicit_policy\fR, \fB\-extended_crl\fR, \fB\-ignore_critical\fR, \fB\-inhibit_any\fR, \fB\-inhibit_map\fR, \fB\-no_alt_chains\fR, \fB\-no_check_time\fR, \fB\-partial_chain\fR, \fB\-policy\fR, \fB\-policy_check\fR, \fB\-policy_print\fR, \fB\-purpose\fR, \fB\-suiteB_128\fR, \fB\-suiteB_128_only\fR, \fB\-suiteB_192\fR, \fB\-trusted_first\fR, \fB\-use_deltas\fR, \fB\-auth_level\fR, \fB\-verify_depth\fR, \fB\-verify_email\fR, \fB\-verify_hostname\fR, \fB\-verify_ip\fR, \fB\-verify_name\fR, \fB\-x509_strict\fR" 4
.IX Item "-attime, -check_ss_sig, -crl_check, -crl_check_all, -explicit_policy, -extended_crl, -ignore_critical, -inhibit_any, -inhibit_map, -no_alt_chains, -no_check_time, -partial_chain, -policy, -policy_check, -policy_print, -purpose, -suiteB_128, -suiteB_128_only, -suiteB_192, -trusted_first, -use_deltas, -auth_level, -verify_depth, -verify_email, -verify_hostname, -verify_ip, -verify_name, -x509_strict"
Set different certificate verification options.
See \fBverify\fR\|(1) manual page for details.
.IP "\fB\-verify_other file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify_other file"
File containing additional certificates to search when attempting to locate
the \s-1OCSP\s0 response signing certificate. Some responders omit the actual signer's
certificate from the response: this option can be used to supply the necessary
certificate in such cases.
.IP "\fB\-trust_other\fR" 4
.IX Item "-trust_other"
The certificates specified by the \fB\-verify_other\fR option should be explicitly
trusted and no additional checks will be performed on them. This is useful
when the complete responder certificate chain is not available or trusting a
root \s-1CA\s0 is not appropriate.
.IP "\fB\-VAfile file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-VAfile file"
File containing explicitly trusted responder certificates. Equivalent to the
\&\fB\-verify_other\fR and \fB\-trust_other\fR options.
.IP "\fB\-noverify\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noverify"
Don't attempt to verify the \s-1OCSP\s0 response signature or the nonce
values. This option will normally only be used for debugging since it
disables all verification of the responders certificate.
.IP "\fB\-no_intern\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_intern"
Ignore certificates contained in the \s-1OCSP\s0 response when searching for the
signers certificate. With this option the signers certificate must be specified
with either the \fB\-verify_other\fR or \fB\-VAfile\fR options.
.IP "\fB\-no_signature_verify\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_signature_verify"
Don't check the signature on the \s-1OCSP\s0 response. Since this option
tolerates invalid signatures on \s-1OCSP\s0 responses it will normally only be
used for testing purposes.
.IP "\fB\-no_cert_verify\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_cert_verify"
Don't verify the \s-1OCSP\s0 response signers certificate at all. Since this
option allows the \s-1OCSP\s0 response to be signed by any certificate it should
only be used for testing purposes.
.IP "\fB\-no_chain\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_chain"
Do not use certificates in the response as additional untrusted \s-1CA\s0
certificates.
.IP "\fB\-no_explicit\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_explicit"
Do not explicitly trust the root \s-1CA\s0 if it is set to be trusted for \s-1OCSP\s0 signing.
.IP "\fB\-no_cert_checks\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_cert_checks"
Don't perform any additional checks on the \s-1OCSP\s0 response signers certificate.
That is do not make any checks to see if the signers certificate is authorised
to provide the necessary status information: as a result this option should
only be used for testing purposes.
.IP "\fB\-validity_period nsec\fR, \fB\-status_age age\fR" 4
.IX Item "-validity_period nsec, -status_age age"
These options specify the range of times, in seconds, which will be tolerated
in an \s-1OCSP\s0 response. Each certificate status response includes a \fBnotBefore\fR
time and an optional \fBnotAfter\fR time. The current time should fall between
these two values, but the interval between the two times may be only a few
seconds. In practice the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder and clients clocks may not be precisely
synchronised and so such a check may fail. To avoid this the
\&\fB\-validity_period\fR option can be used to specify an acceptable error range in
seconds, the default value is 5 minutes.
.Sp
If the \fBnotAfter\fR time is omitted from a response then this means that new
status information is immediately available. In this case the age of the
\&\fBnotBefore\fR field is checked to see it is not older than \fBage\fR seconds old.
By default this additional check is not performed.
.IP "\fB\-\f(BIdigest\fB\fR" 4
.IX Item "-digest"
This option sets digest algorithm to use for certificate identification in the
\&\s-1OCSP\s0 request. Any digest supported by the OpenSSL \fBdgst\fR command can be used.
The default is \s-1SHA\-1.\s0 This option may be used multiple times to specify the
digest used by subsequent certificate identifiers.
.SS "\s-1OCSP\s0 Server Options"
.IX Subsection "OCSP Server Options"
.IP "\fB\-index indexfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-index indexfile"
The \fBindexfile\fR parameter is the name of a text index file in \fBca\fR
format containing certificate revocation information.
.Sp
If the \fBindex\fR option is specified the \fBocsp\fR utility is in responder
mode, otherwise it is in client mode. The request(s) the responder
processes can be either specified on the command line (using \fBissuer\fR
and \fBserial\fR options), supplied in a file (using the \fBreqin\fR option)
or via external \s-1OCSP\s0 clients (if \fBport\fR or \fBurl\fR is specified).
.Sp
If the \fBindex\fR option is present then the \fB\s-1CA\s0\fR and \fBrsigner\fR options
must also be present.
.IP "\fB\-CA file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CA file"
\&\s-1CA\s0 certificate corresponding to the revocation information in \fBindexfile\fR.
.IP "\fB\-rsigner file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rsigner file"
The certificate to sign \s-1OCSP\s0 responses with.
.IP "\fB\-rother file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rother file"
Additional certificates to include in the \s-1OCSP\s0 response.
.IP "\fB\-resp_no_certs\fR" 4
.IX Item "-resp_no_certs"
Don't include any certificates in the \s-1OCSP\s0 response.
.IP "\fB\-resp_key_id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-resp_key_id"
Identify the signer certificate using the key \s-1ID,\s0 default is to use the
subject name.
.IP "\fB\-rkey file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rkey file"
The private key to sign \s-1OCSP\s0 responses with: if not present the file
specified in the \fBrsigner\fR option is used.
.IP "\fB\-rsigopt nm:v\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rsigopt nm:v"
Pass options to the signature algorithm when signing \s-1OCSP\s0 responses.
Names and values of these options are algorithm-specific.
.IP "\fB\-port portnum\fR" 4
.IX Item "-port portnum"
Port to listen for \s-1OCSP\s0 requests on. The port may also be specified
using the \fBurl\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-ignore_err\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ignore_err"
Ignore malformed requests or responses: When acting as an \s-1OCSP\s0 client, retry if
a malformed response is received. When acting as an \s-1OCSP\s0 responder, continue
running instead of terminating upon receiving a malformed request.
.IP "\fB\-nrequest number\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nrequest number"
The \s-1OCSP\s0 server will exit after receiving \fBnumber\fR requests, default unlimited.
.IP "\fB\-nmin minutes\fR, \fB\-ndays days\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nmin minutes, -ndays days"
Number of minutes or days when fresh revocation information is available:
used in the \fBnextUpdate\fR field. If neither option is present then the
\&\fBnextUpdate\fR field is omitted meaning fresh revocation information is
immediately available.
.SH "OCSP Response verification."
.IX Header "OCSP Response verification."
\&\s-1OCSP\s0 Response follows the rules specified in \s-1RFC2560.\s0
.PP
Initially the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder certificate is located and the signature on
the \s-1OCSP\s0 request checked using the responder certificate's public key.
.PP
Then a normal certificate verify is performed on the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder certificate
building up a certificate chain in the process. The locations of the trusted
certificates used to build the chain can be specified by the \fBCAfile\fR
and \fBCApath\fR options or they will be looked for in the standard OpenSSL
certificates directory.
.PP
If the initial verify fails then the \s-1OCSP\s0 verify process halts with an
error.
.PP
Otherwise the issuing \s-1CA\s0 certificate in the request is compared to the \s-1OCSP\s0
responder certificate: if there is a match then the \s-1OCSP\s0 verify succeeds.
.PP
Otherwise the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder certificate's \s-1CA\s0 is checked against the issuing
\&\s-1CA\s0 certificate in the request. If there is a match and the OCSPSigning
extended key usage is present in the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder certificate then the
\&\s-1OCSP\s0 verify succeeds.
.PP
Otherwise, if \fB\-no_explicit\fR is \fBnot\fR set the root \s-1CA\s0 of the \s-1OCSP\s0 responders
\&\s-1CA\s0 is checked to see if it is trusted for \s-1OCSP\s0 signing. If it is the \s-1OCSP\s0
verify succeeds.
.PP
If none of these checks is successful then the \s-1OCSP\s0 verify fails.
.PP
What this effectively means if that if the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder certificate is
authorised directly by the \s-1CA\s0 it is issuing revocation information about
(and it is correctly configured) then verification will succeed.
.PP
If the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder is a \*(L"global responder\*(R" which can give details about
multiple CAs and has its own separate certificate chain then its root
\&\s-1CA\s0 can be trusted for \s-1OCSP\s0 signing. For example:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl x509 \-in ocspCA.pem \-addtrust OCSPSigning \-out trustedCA.pem
.Ve
.PP
Alternatively the responder certificate itself can be explicitly trusted
with the \fB\-VAfile\fR option.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
As noted, most of the verify options are for testing or debugging purposes.
Normally only the \fB\-CApath\fR, \fB\-CAfile\fR and (if the responder is a 'global
\&\s-1VA\s0') \fB\-VAfile\fR options need to be used.
.PP
The \s-1OCSP\s0 server is only useful for test and demonstration purposes: it is
not really usable as a full \s-1OCSP\s0 responder. It contains only a very
simple \s-1HTTP\s0 request handling and can only handle the \s-1POST\s0 form of \s-1OCSP\s0
queries. It also handles requests serially meaning it cannot respond to
new requests until it has processed the current one. The text index file
format of revocation is also inefficient for large quantities of revocation
data.
.PP
It is possible to run the \fBocsp\fR application in responder mode via a \s-1CGI\s0
script using the \fBreqin\fR and \fBrespout\fR options.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Create an \s-1OCSP\s0 request and write it to a file:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ocsp \-issuer issuer.pem \-cert c1.pem \-cert c2.pem \-reqout req.der
.Ve
.PP
Send a query to an \s-1OCSP\s0 responder with \s-1URL\s0 http://ocsp.myhost.com/ save the
response to a file, print it out in text form, and verify the response:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl ocsp \-issuer issuer.pem \-cert c1.pem \-cert c2.pem \e
\& \-url http://ocsp.myhost.com/ \-resp_text \-respout resp.der
.Ve
.PP
Read in an \s-1OCSP\s0 response and print out text form:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ocsp \-respin resp.der \-text \-noverify
.Ve
.PP
\&\s-1OCSP\s0 server on port 8888 using a standard \fBca\fR configuration, and a separate
responder certificate. All requests and responses are printed to a file.
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl ocsp \-index demoCA/index.txt \-port 8888 \-rsigner rcert.pem \-CA demoCA/cacert.pem
\& \-text \-out log.txt
.Ve
.PP
As above but exit after processing one request:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl ocsp \-index demoCA/index.txt \-port 8888 \-rsigner rcert.pem \-CA demoCA/cacert.pem
\& \-nrequest 1
.Ve
.PP
Query status information using an internally generated request:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl ocsp \-index demoCA/index.txt \-rsigner rcert.pem \-CA demoCA/cacert.pem
\& \-issuer demoCA/cacert.pem \-serial 1
.Ve
.PP
Query status information using request read from a file, and write the response
to a second file.
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl ocsp \-index demoCA/index.txt \-rsigner rcert.pem \-CA demoCA/cacert.pem
\& \-reqin req.der \-respout resp.der
.Ve
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
The \-no_alt_chains option was added in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2001\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "OPENSSL 1"
.TH OPENSSL 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl \- OpenSSL command line tool
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR
\&\fIcommand\fR
[ \fIcommand_opts\fR ]
[ \fIcommand_args\fR ]
.PP
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBlist\fR [ \fBstandard-commands\fR | \fBdigest-commands\fR | \fBcipher-commands\fR | \fBcipher-algorithms\fR | \fBdigest-algorithms\fR | \fBpublic-key-algorithms\fR]
.PP
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR [ \fIarbitrary options\fR ]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
OpenSSL is a cryptography toolkit implementing the Secure Sockets Layer (\s-1SSL\s0
v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security (\s-1TLS\s0 v1) network protocols and related
cryptography standards required by them.
.PP
The \fBopenssl\fR program is a command line tool for using the various
cryptography functions of OpenSSL's \fBcrypto\fR library from the shell.
It can be used for
.PP
.Vb 8
\& o Creation and management of private keys, public keys and parameters
\& o Public key cryptographic operations
\& o Creation of X.509 certificates, CSRs and CRLs
\& o Calculation of Message Digests
\& o Encryption and Decryption with Ciphers
\& o SSL/TLS Client and Server Tests
\& o Handling of S/MIME signed or encrypted mail
\& o Time Stamp requests, generation and verification
.Ve
.SH "COMMAND SUMMARY"
.IX Header "COMMAND SUMMARY"
The \fBopenssl\fR program provides a rich variety of commands (\fIcommand\fR in the
\&\s-1SYNOPSIS\s0 above), each of which often has a wealth of options and arguments
(\fIcommand_opts\fR and \fIcommand_args\fR in the \s-1SYNOPSIS\s0).
.PP
Detailed documentation and use cases for most standard subcommands are available
(e.g., \fBx509\fR\|(1) or \fBopenssl\-x509\fR\|(1)).
.PP
Many commands use an external configuration file for some or all of their
arguments and have a \fB\-config\fR option to specify that file.
The environment variable \fB\s-1OPENSSL_CONF\s0\fR can be used to specify
the location of the file.
If the environment variable is not specified, then the file is named
\&\fBopenssl.cnf\fR in the default certificate storage area, whose value
depends on the configuration flags specified when the OpenSSL
was built.
.PP
The list parameters \fBstandard-commands\fR, \fBdigest-commands\fR,
and \fBcipher-commands\fR output a list (one entry per line) of the names
of all standard commands, message digest commands, or cipher commands,
respectively, that are available in the present \fBopenssl\fR utility.
.PP
The list parameters \fBcipher-algorithms\fR and
\&\fBdigest-algorithms\fR list all cipher and message digest names, one entry per line. Aliases are listed as:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& from => to
.Ve
.PP
The list parameter \fBpublic-key-algorithms\fR lists all supported public
key algorithms.
.PP
The command \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR tests whether a command of the
specified name is available. If no command named \fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR exists, it
returns 0 (success) and prints \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR; otherwise it returns 1
and prints \fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR. In both cases, the output goes to \fBstdout\fR and
nothing is printed to \fBstderr\fR. Additional command line arguments
are always ignored. Since for each cipher there is a command of the
same name, this provides an easy way for shell scripts to test for the
availability of ciphers in the \fBopenssl\fR program. (\fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR is
not able to detect pseudo-commands such as \fBquit\fR,
\&\fBlist\fR, or \fBno\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR itself.)
.SS "Standard Commands"
.IX Subsection "Standard Commands"
.IP "\fBasn1parse\fR" 4
.IX Item "asn1parse"
Parse an \s-1ASN.1\s0 sequence.
.IP "\fBca\fR" 4
.IX Item "ca"
Certificate Authority (\s-1CA\s0) Management.
.IP "\fBciphers\fR" 4
.IX Item "ciphers"
Cipher Suite Description Determination.
.IP "\fBcms\fR" 4
.IX Item "cms"
\&\s-1CMS\s0 (Cryptographic Message Syntax) utility.
.IP "\fBcrl\fR" 4
.IX Item "crl"
Certificate Revocation List (\s-1CRL\s0) Management.
.IP "\fBcrl2pkcs7\fR" 4
.IX Item "crl2pkcs7"
\&\s-1CRL\s0 to PKCS#7 Conversion.
.IP "\fBdgst\fR" 4
.IX Item "dgst"
Message Digest Calculation.
.IP "\fBdh\fR" 4
.IX Item "dh"
Diffie-Hellman Parameter Management.
Obsoleted by \fBdhparam\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fBdhparam\fR" 4
.IX Item "dhparam"
Generation and Management of Diffie-Hellman Parameters. Superseded by
\&\fBgenpkey\fR\|(1) and \fBpkeyparam\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fBdsa\fR" 4
.IX Item "dsa"
\&\s-1DSA\s0 Data Management.
.IP "\fBdsaparam\fR" 4
.IX Item "dsaparam"
\&\s-1DSA\s0 Parameter Generation and Management. Superseded by
\&\fBgenpkey\fR\|(1) and \fBpkeyparam\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fBec\fR" 4
.IX Item "ec"
\&\s-1EC\s0 (Elliptic curve) key processing.
.IP "\fBecparam\fR" 4
.IX Item "ecparam"
\&\s-1EC\s0 parameter manipulation and generation.
.IP "\fBenc\fR" 4
.IX Item "enc"
Encoding with Ciphers.
.IP "\fBengine\fR" 4
.IX Item "engine"
Engine (loadable module) information and manipulation.
.IP "\fBerrstr\fR" 4
.IX Item "errstr"
Error Number to Error String Conversion.
.IP "\fBgendh\fR" 4
.IX Item "gendh"
Generation of Diffie-Hellman Parameters.
Obsoleted by \fBdhparam\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fBgendsa\fR" 4
.IX Item "gendsa"
Generation of \s-1DSA\s0 Private Key from Parameters. Superseded by
\&\fBgenpkey\fR\|(1) and \fBpkey\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fBgenpkey\fR" 4
.IX Item "genpkey"
Generation of Private Key or Parameters.
.IP "\fBgenrsa\fR" 4
.IX Item "genrsa"
Generation of \s-1RSA\s0 Private Key. Superseded by \fBgenpkey\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fBnseq\fR" 4
.IX Item "nseq"
Create or examine a Netscape certificate sequence.
.IP "\fBocsp\fR" 4
.IX Item "ocsp"
Online Certificate Status Protocol utility.
.IP "\fBpasswd\fR" 4
.IX Item "passwd"
Generation of hashed passwords.
.IP "\fBpkcs12\fR" 4
.IX Item "pkcs12"
PKCS#12 Data Management.
.IP "\fBpkcs7\fR" 4
.IX Item "pkcs7"
PKCS#7 Data Management.
.IP "\fBpkcs8\fR" 4
.IX Item "pkcs8"
PKCS#8 format private key conversion tool.
.IP "\fBpkey\fR" 4
.IX Item "pkey"
Public and private key management.
.IP "\fBpkeyparam\fR" 4
.IX Item "pkeyparam"
Public key algorithm parameter management.
.IP "\fBpkeyutl\fR" 4
.IX Item "pkeyutl"
Public key algorithm cryptographic operation utility.
.IP "\fBprime\fR" 4
.IX Item "prime"
Compute prime numbers.
.IP "\fBrand\fR" 4
.IX Item "rand"
Generate pseudo-random bytes.
.IP "\fBrehash\fR" 4
.IX Item "rehash"
Create symbolic links to certificate and \s-1CRL\s0 files named by the hash values.
.IP "\fBreq\fR" 4
.IX Item "req"
PKCS#10 X.509 Certificate Signing Request (\s-1CSR\s0) Management.
.IP "\fBrsa\fR" 4
.IX Item "rsa"
\&\s-1RSA\s0 key management.
.IP "\fBrsautl\fR" 4
.IX Item "rsautl"
\&\s-1RSA\s0 utility for signing, verification, encryption, and decryption. Superseded
by \fBpkeyutl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fBs_client\fR" 4
.IX Item "s_client"
This implements a generic \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 client which can establish a transparent
connection to a remote server speaking \s-1SSL/TLS.\s0 It's intended for testing
purposes only and provides only rudimentary interface functionality but
internally uses mostly all functionality of the OpenSSL \fBssl\fR library.
.IP "\fBs_server\fR" 4
.IX Item "s_server"
This implements a generic \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 server which accepts connections from remote
clients speaking \s-1SSL/TLS.\s0 It's intended for testing purposes only and provides
only rudimentary interface functionality but internally uses mostly all
functionality of the OpenSSL \fBssl\fR library. It provides both an own command
line oriented protocol for testing \s-1SSL\s0 functions and a simple \s-1HTTP\s0 response
facility to emulate an SSL/TLS\-aware webserver.
.IP "\fBs_time\fR" 4
.IX Item "s_time"
\&\s-1SSL\s0 Connection Timer.
.IP "\fBsess_id\fR" 4
.IX Item "sess_id"
\&\s-1SSL\s0 Session Data Management.
.IP "\fBsmime\fR" 4
.IX Item "smime"
S/MIME mail processing.
.IP "\fBspeed\fR" 4
.IX Item "speed"
Algorithm Speed Measurement.
.IP "\fBspkac\fR" 4
.IX Item "spkac"
\&\s-1SPKAC\s0 printing and generating utility.
.IP "\fBsrp\fR" 4
.IX Item "srp"
Maintain \s-1SRP\s0 password file.
.IP "\fBstoreutl\fR" 4
.IX Item "storeutl"
Utility to list and display certificates, keys, CRLs, etc.
.IP "\fBts\fR" 4
.IX Item "ts"
Time Stamping Authority tool (client/server).
.IP "\fBverify\fR" 4
.IX Item "verify"
X.509 Certificate Verification.
.IP "\fBversion\fR" 4
.IX Item "version"
OpenSSL Version Information.
.IP "\fBx509\fR" 4
.IX Item "x509"
X.509 Certificate Data Management.
.SS "Message Digest Commands"
.IX Subsection "Message Digest Commands"
.IP "\fBblake2b512\fR" 4
.IX Item "blake2b512"
BLAKE2b\-512 Digest
.IP "\fBblake2s256\fR" 4
.IX Item "blake2s256"
BLAKE2s\-256 Digest
.IP "\fBmd2\fR" 4
.IX Item "md2"
\&\s-1MD2\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBmd4\fR" 4
.IX Item "md4"
\&\s-1MD4\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBmd5\fR" 4
.IX Item "md5"
\&\s-1MD5\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBmdc2\fR" 4
.IX Item "mdc2"
\&\s-1MDC2\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBrmd160\fR" 4
.IX Item "rmd160"
\&\s-1RMD\-160\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBsha1\fR" 4
.IX Item "sha1"
\&\s-1SHA\-1\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBsha224\fR" 4
.IX Item "sha224"
\&\s-1SHA\-2 224\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBsha256\fR" 4
.IX Item "sha256"
\&\s-1SHA\-2 256\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBsha384\fR" 4
.IX Item "sha384"
\&\s-1SHA\-2 384\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBsha512\fR" 4
.IX Item "sha512"
\&\s-1SHA\-2 512\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBsha3\-224\fR" 4
.IX Item "sha3-224"
\&\s-1SHA\-3 224\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBsha3\-256\fR" 4
.IX Item "sha3-256"
\&\s-1SHA\-3 256\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBsha3\-384\fR" 4
.IX Item "sha3-384"
\&\s-1SHA\-3 384\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBsha3\-512\fR" 4
.IX Item "sha3-512"
\&\s-1SHA\-3 512\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBshake128\fR" 4
.IX Item "shake128"
\&\s-1SHA\-3 SHAKE128\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBshake256\fR" 4
.IX Item "shake256"
\&\s-1SHA\-3 SHAKE256\s0 Digest
.IP "\fBsm3\fR" 4
.IX Item "sm3"
\&\s-1SM3\s0 Digest
.SS "Encoding and Cipher Commands"
.IX Subsection "Encoding and Cipher Commands"
The following aliases provide convenient access to the most used encodings
and ciphers.
.PP
Depending on how OpenSSL was configured and built, not all ciphers listed
here may be present. See \fBenc\fR\|(1) for more information and command usage.
.IP "\fBaes128\fR, \fBaes\-128\-cbc\fR, \fBaes\-128\-cfb\fR, \fBaes\-128\-ctr\fR, \fBaes\-128\-ecb\fR, \fBaes\-128\-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "aes128, aes-128-cbc, aes-128-cfb, aes-128-ctr, aes-128-ecb, aes-128-ofb"
\&\s-1AES\-128\s0 Cipher
.IP "\fBaes192\fR, \fBaes\-192\-cbc\fR, \fBaes\-192\-cfb\fR, \fBaes\-192\-ctr\fR, \fBaes\-192\-ecb\fR, \fBaes\-192\-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "aes192, aes-192-cbc, aes-192-cfb, aes-192-ctr, aes-192-ecb, aes-192-ofb"
\&\s-1AES\-192\s0 Cipher
.IP "\fBaes256\fR, \fBaes\-256\-cbc\fR, \fBaes\-256\-cfb\fR, \fBaes\-256\-ctr\fR, \fBaes\-256\-ecb\fR, \fBaes\-256\-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "aes256, aes-256-cbc, aes-256-cfb, aes-256-ctr, aes-256-ecb, aes-256-ofb"
\&\s-1AES\-256\s0 Cipher
.IP "\fBaria128\fR, \fBaria\-128\-cbc\fR, \fBaria\-128\-cfb\fR, \fBaria\-128\-ctr\fR, \fBaria\-128\-ecb\fR, \fBaria\-128\-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "aria128, aria-128-cbc, aria-128-cfb, aria-128-ctr, aria-128-ecb, aria-128-ofb"
Aria\-128 Cipher
.IP "\fBaria192\fR, \fBaria\-192\-cbc\fR, \fBaria\-192\-cfb\fR, \fBaria\-192\-ctr\fR, \fBaria\-192\-ecb\fR, \fBaria\-192\-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "aria192, aria-192-cbc, aria-192-cfb, aria-192-ctr, aria-192-ecb, aria-192-ofb"
Aria\-192 Cipher
.IP "\fBaria256\fR, \fBaria\-256\-cbc\fR, \fBaria\-256\-cfb\fR, \fBaria\-256\-ctr\fR, \fBaria\-256\-ecb\fR, \fBaria\-256\-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "aria256, aria-256-cbc, aria-256-cfb, aria-256-ctr, aria-256-ecb, aria-256-ofb"
Aria\-256 Cipher
.IP "\fBbase64\fR" 4
.IX Item "base64"
Base64 Encoding
.IP "\fBbf\fR, \fBbf-cbc\fR, \fBbf-cfb\fR, \fBbf-ecb\fR, \fBbf-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "bf, bf-cbc, bf-cfb, bf-ecb, bf-ofb"
Blowfish Cipher
.IP "\fBcamellia128\fR, \fBcamellia\-128\-cbc\fR, \fBcamellia\-128\-cfb\fR, \fBcamellia\-128\-ctr\fR, \fBcamellia\-128\-ecb\fR, \fBcamellia\-128\-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "camellia128, camellia-128-cbc, camellia-128-cfb, camellia-128-ctr, camellia-128-ecb, camellia-128-ofb"
Camellia\-128 Cipher
.IP "\fBcamellia192\fR, \fBcamellia\-192\-cbc\fR, \fBcamellia\-192\-cfb\fR, \fBcamellia\-192\-ctr\fR, \fBcamellia\-192\-ecb\fR, \fBcamellia\-192\-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "camellia192, camellia-192-cbc, camellia-192-cfb, camellia-192-ctr, camellia-192-ecb, camellia-192-ofb"
Camellia\-192 Cipher
.IP "\fBcamellia256\fR, \fBcamellia\-256\-cbc\fR, \fBcamellia\-256\-cfb\fR, \fBcamellia\-256\-ctr\fR, \fBcamellia\-256\-ecb\fR, \fBcamellia\-256\-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "camellia256, camellia-256-cbc, camellia-256-cfb, camellia-256-ctr, camellia-256-ecb, camellia-256-ofb"
Camellia\-256 Cipher
.IP "\fBcast\fR, \fBcast-cbc\fR" 4
.IX Item "cast, cast-cbc"
\&\s-1CAST\s0 Cipher
.IP "\fBcast5\-cbc\fR, \fBcast5\-cfb\fR, \fBcast5\-ecb\fR, \fBcast5\-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "cast5-cbc, cast5-cfb, cast5-ecb, cast5-ofb"
\&\s-1CAST5\s0 Cipher
.IP "\fBchacha20\fR" 4
.IX Item "chacha20"
Chacha20 Cipher
.IP "\fBdes\fR, \fBdes-cbc\fR, \fBdes-cfb\fR, \fBdes-ecb\fR, \fBdes-ede\fR, \fBdes-ede-cbc\fR, \fBdes-ede-cfb\fR, \fBdes-ede-ofb\fR, \fBdes-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "des, des-cbc, des-cfb, des-ecb, des-ede, des-ede-cbc, des-ede-cfb, des-ede-ofb, des-ofb"
\&\s-1DES\s0 Cipher
.IP "\fBdes3\fR, \fBdesx\fR, \fBdes\-ede3\fR, \fBdes\-ede3\-cbc\fR, \fBdes\-ede3\-cfb\fR, \fBdes\-ede3\-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "des3, desx, des-ede3, des-ede3-cbc, des-ede3-cfb, des-ede3-ofb"
Triple-DES Cipher
.IP "\fBidea\fR, \fBidea-cbc\fR, \fBidea-cfb\fR, \fBidea-ecb\fR, \fBidea-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "idea, idea-cbc, idea-cfb, idea-ecb, idea-ofb"
\&\s-1IDEA\s0 Cipher
.IP "\fBrc2\fR, \fBrc2\-cbc\fR, \fBrc2\-cfb\fR, \fBrc2\-ecb\fR, \fBrc2\-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "rc2, rc2-cbc, rc2-cfb, rc2-ecb, rc2-ofb"
\&\s-1RC2\s0 Cipher
.IP "\fBrc4\fR" 4
.IX Item "rc4"
\&\s-1RC4\s0 Cipher
.IP "\fBrc5\fR, \fBrc5\-cbc\fR, \fBrc5\-cfb\fR, \fBrc5\-ecb\fR, \fBrc5\-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "rc5, rc5-cbc, rc5-cfb, rc5-ecb, rc5-ofb"
\&\s-1RC5\s0 Cipher
.IP "\fBseed\fR, \fBseed-cbc\fR, \fBseed-cfb\fR, \fBseed-ecb\fR, \fBseed-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "seed, seed-cbc, seed-cfb, seed-ecb, seed-ofb"
\&\s-1SEED\s0 Cipher
.IP "\fBsm4\fR, \fBsm4\-cbc\fR, \fBsm4\-cfb\fR, \fBsm4\-ctr\fR, \fBsm4\-ecb\fR, \fBsm4\-ofb\fR" 4
.IX Item "sm4, sm4-cbc, sm4-cfb, sm4-ctr, sm4-ecb, sm4-ofb"
\&\s-1SM4\s0 Cipher
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
Details of which options are available depend on the specific command.
This section describes some common options with common behavior.
.SS "Common Options"
.IX Subsection "Common Options"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Provides a terse summary of all options.
.SS "Pass Phrase Options"
.IX Subsection "Pass Phrase Options"
Several commands accept password arguments, typically using \fB\-passin\fR
and \fB\-passout\fR for input and output passwords respectively. These allow
the password to be obtained from a variety of sources. Both of these
options take a single argument whose format is described below. If no
password argument is given and a password is required then the user is
prompted to enter one: this will typically be read from the current
terminal with echoing turned off.
.PP
Note that character encoding may be relevant, please see
\&\fBpassphrase\-encoding\fR\|(7).
.IP "\fBpass:password\fR" 4
.IX Item "pass:password"
The actual password is \fBpassword\fR. Since the password is visible
to utilities (like 'ps' under Unix) this form should only be used
where security is not important.
.IP "\fBenv:var\fR" 4
.IX Item "env:var"
Obtain the password from the environment variable \fBvar\fR. Since
the environment of other processes is visible on certain platforms
(e.g. ps under certain Unix OSes) this option should be used with caution.
.IP "\fBfile:pathname\fR" 4
.IX Item "file:pathname"
The first line of \fBpathname\fR is the password. If the same \fBpathname\fR
argument is supplied to \fB\-passin\fR and \fB\-passout\fR arguments then the first
line will be used for the input password and the next line for the output
password. \fBpathname\fR need not refer to a regular file: it could for example
refer to a device or named pipe.
.IP "\fBfd:number\fR" 4
.IX Item "fd:number"
Read the password from the file descriptor \fBnumber\fR. This can be used to
send the data via a pipe for example.
.IP "\fBstdin\fR" 4
.IX Item "stdin"
Read the password from standard input.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBasn1parse\fR\|(1), \fBca\fR\|(1), \fBciphers\fR\|(1), \fBcms\fR\|(1), \fBconfig\fR\|(5),
\&\fBcrl\fR\|(1), \fBcrl2pkcs7\fR\|(1), \fBdgst\fR\|(1),
\&\fBdhparam\fR\|(1), \fBdsa\fR\|(1), \fBdsaparam\fR\|(1),
\&\fBec\fR\|(1), \fBecparam\fR\|(1),
\&\fBenc\fR\|(1), \fBengine\fR\|(1), \fBerrstr\fR\|(1), \fBgendsa\fR\|(1), \fBgenpkey\fR\|(1),
\&\fBgenrsa\fR\|(1), \fBnseq\fR\|(1), \fBocsp\fR\|(1),
\&\fBpasswd\fR\|(1),
\&\fBpkcs12\fR\|(1), \fBpkcs7\fR\|(1), \fBpkcs8\fR\|(1),
\&\fBpkey\fR\|(1), \fBpkeyparam\fR\|(1), \fBpkeyutl\fR\|(1), \fBprime\fR\|(1),
\&\fBrand\fR\|(1), \fBrehash\fR\|(1), \fBreq\fR\|(1), \fBrsa\fR\|(1),
\&\fBrsautl\fR\|(1), \fBs_client\fR\|(1),
\&\fBs_server\fR\|(1), \fBs_time\fR\|(1), \fBsess_id\fR\|(1),
\&\fBsmime\fR\|(1), \fBspeed\fR\|(1), \fBspkac\fR\|(1), \fBsrp\fR\|(1), \fBstoreutl\fR\|(1),
\&\fBts\fR\|(1),
\&\fBverify\fR\|(1), \fBversion\fR\|(1), \fBx509\fR\|(1),
\&\fBcrypto\fR\|(7), \fBssl\fR\|(7), \fBx509v3_config\fR\|(5)
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
The \fBlist\-\fR\fI\s-1XXX\s0\fR\fB\-algorithms\fR pseudo-commands were added in OpenSSL 1.0.0;
For notes on the availability of other commands, see their individual
manual pages.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "PASSWD 1"
.TH PASSWD 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-passwd, passwd \- compute password hashes
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl passwd\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-crypt\fR]
[\fB\-1\fR]
[\fB\-apr1\fR]
[\fB\-aixmd5\fR]
[\fB\-5\fR]
[\fB\-6\fR]
[\fB\-salt\fR \fIstring\fR]
[\fB\-in\fR \fIfile\fR]
[\fB\-stdin\fR]
[\fB\-noverify\fR]
[\fB\-quiet\fR]
[\fB\-table\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
{\fIpassword\fR}
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBpasswd\fR command computes the hash of a password typed at
run-time or the hash of each password in a list. The password list is
taken from the named file for option \fB\-in file\fR, from stdin for
option \fB\-stdin\fR, or from the command line, or from the terminal otherwise.
The Unix standard algorithm \fBcrypt\fR and the MD5\-based \s-1BSD\s0 password
algorithm \fB1\fR, its Apache variant \fBapr1\fR, and its \s-1AIX\s0 variant are available.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-crypt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crypt"
Use the \fBcrypt\fR algorithm (default).
.IP "\fB\-1\fR" 4
.IX Item "-1"
Use the \s-1MD5\s0 based \s-1BSD\s0 password algorithm \fB1\fR.
.IP "\fB\-apr1\fR" 4
.IX Item "-apr1"
Use the \fBapr1\fR algorithm (Apache variant of the \s-1BSD\s0 algorithm).
.IP "\fB\-aixmd5\fR" 4
.IX Item "-aixmd5"
Use the \fB\s-1AIX MD5\s0\fR algorithm (\s-1AIX\s0 variant of the \s-1BSD\s0 algorithm).
.IP "\fB\-5\fR" 4
.IX Item "-5"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-6\fR" 4
.IX Item "-6"
.PD
Use the \fB\s-1SHA256\s0\fR / \fB\s-1SHA512\s0\fR based algorithms defined by Ulrich Drepper.
See <https://www.akkadia.org/drepper/SHA\-crypt.txt>.
.IP "\fB\-salt\fR \fIstring\fR" 4
.IX Item "-salt string"
Use the specified salt.
When reading a password from the terminal, this implies \fB\-noverify\fR.
.IP "\fB\-in\fR \fIfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in file"
Read passwords from \fIfile\fR.
.IP "\fB\-stdin\fR" 4
.IX Item "-stdin"
Read passwords from \fBstdin\fR.
.IP "\fB\-noverify\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noverify"
Don't verify when reading a password from the terminal.
.IP "\fB\-quiet\fR" 4
.IX Item "-quiet"
Don't output warnings when passwords given at the command line are truncated.
.IP "\fB\-table\fR" 4
.IX Item "-table"
In the output list, prepend the cleartext password and a \s-1TAB\s0 character
to each password hash.
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
.Vb 2
\& % openssl passwd \-crypt \-salt xx password
\& xxj31ZMTZzkVA
\&
\& % openssl passwd \-1 \-salt xxxxxxxx password
\& $1$xxxxxxxx$UYCIxa628.9qXjpQCjM4a.
\&
\& % openssl passwd \-apr1 \-salt xxxxxxxx password
\& $apr1$xxxxxxxx$dxHfLAsjHkDRmG83UXe8K0
\&
\& % openssl passwd \-aixmd5 \-salt xxxxxxxx password
\& xxxxxxxx$8Oaipk/GPKhC64w/YVeFD/
.Ve
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "PKCS12 1"
.TH PKCS12 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-pkcs12, pkcs12 \- PKCS#12 file utility
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBpkcs12\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-export\fR]
[\fB\-chain\fR]
[\fB\-inkey file_or_id\fR]
[\fB\-certfile filename\fR]
[\fB\-name name\fR]
[\fB\-caname name\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-nomacver\fR]
[\fB\-nocerts\fR]
[\fB\-clcerts\fR]
[\fB\-cacerts\fR]
[\fB\-nokeys\fR]
[\fB\-info\fR]
[\fB\-des | \-des3 | \-idea | \-aes128 | \-aes192 | \-aes256 | \-aria128 | \-aria192 | \-aria256 | \-camellia128 | \-camellia192 | \-camellia256 | \-nodes\fR]
[\fB\-noiter\fR]
[\fB\-maciter | \-nomaciter | \-nomac\fR]
[\fB\-twopass\fR]
[\fB\-descert\fR]
[\fB\-certpbe cipher\fR]
[\fB\-keypbe cipher\fR]
[\fB\-macalg digest\fR]
[\fB\-keyex\fR]
[\fB\-keysig\fR]
[\fB\-password arg\fR]
[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
[\fB\-passout arg\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-CAfile file\fR]
[\fB\-CApath dir\fR]
[\fB\-no\-CAfile\fR]
[\fB\-no\-CApath\fR]
[\fB\-CSP name\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBpkcs12\fR command allows PKCS#12 files (sometimes referred to as
\&\s-1PFX\s0 files) to be created and parsed. PKCS#12 files are used by several
programs including Netscape, \s-1MSIE\s0 and \s-1MS\s0 Outlook.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
There are a lot of options the meaning of some depends of whether a PKCS#12 file
is being created or parsed. By default a PKCS#12 file is parsed. A PKCS#12
file can be created by using the \fB\-export\fR option (see below).
.SH "PARSING OPTIONS"
.IX Header "PARSING OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies filename of the PKCS#12 file to be parsed. Standard input is used
by default.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
The filename to write certificates and private keys to, standard output by
default. They are all written in \s-1PEM\s0 format.
.IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passin arg"
The PKCS#12 file (i.e. input file) password source. For more information about
the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in
\&\fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-passout arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passout arg"
Pass phrase source to encrypt any outputted private keys with. For more
information about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section
in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-password arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-password arg"
With \-export, \-password is equivalent to \-passout.
Otherwise, \-password is equivalent to \-passin.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
This option inhibits output of the keys and certificates to the output file
version of the PKCS#12 file.
.IP "\fB\-clcerts\fR" 4
.IX Item "-clcerts"
Only output client certificates (not \s-1CA\s0 certificates).
.IP "\fB\-cacerts\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cacerts"
Only output \s-1CA\s0 certificates (not client certificates).
.IP "\fB\-nocerts\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nocerts"
No certificates at all will be output.
.IP "\fB\-nokeys\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nokeys"
No private keys will be output.
.IP "\fB\-info\fR" 4
.IX Item "-info"
Output additional information about the PKCS#12 file structure, algorithms
used and iteration counts.
.IP "\fB\-des\fR" 4
.IX Item "-des"
Use \s-1DES\s0 to encrypt private keys before outputting.
.IP "\fB\-des3\fR" 4
.IX Item "-des3"
Use triple \s-1DES\s0 to encrypt private keys before outputting, this is the default.
.IP "\fB\-idea\fR" 4
.IX Item "-idea"
Use \s-1IDEA\s0 to encrypt private keys before outputting.
.IP "\fB\-aes128\fR, \fB\-aes192\fR, \fB\-aes256\fR" 4
.IX Item "-aes128, -aes192, -aes256"
Use \s-1AES\s0 to encrypt private keys before outputting.
.IP "\fB\-aria128\fR, \fB\-aria192\fR, \fB\-aria256\fR" 4
.IX Item "-aria128, -aria192, -aria256"
Use \s-1ARIA\s0 to encrypt private keys before outputting.
.IP "\fB\-camellia128\fR, \fB\-camellia192\fR, \fB\-camellia256\fR" 4
.IX Item "-camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256"
Use Camellia to encrypt private keys before outputting.
.IP "\fB\-nodes\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nodes"
Don't encrypt the private keys at all.
.IP "\fB\-nomacver\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nomacver"
Don't attempt to verify the integrity \s-1MAC\s0 before reading the file.
.IP "\fB\-twopass\fR" 4
.IX Item "-twopass"
Prompt for separate integrity and encryption passwords: most software
always assumes these are the same so this option will render such
PKCS#12 files unreadable. Cannot be used in combination with the options
\&\-password, \-passin (if importing) or \-passout (if exporting).
.SH "FILE CREATION OPTIONS"
.IX Header "FILE CREATION OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-export\fR" 4
.IX Item "-export"
This option specifies that a PKCS#12 file will be created rather than
parsed.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
This specifies filename to write the PKCS#12 file to. Standard output is used
by default.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
The filename to read certificates and private keys from, standard input by
default. They must all be in \s-1PEM\s0 format. The order doesn't matter but one
private key and its corresponding certificate should be present. If additional
certificates are present they will also be included in the PKCS#12 file.
.IP "\fB\-inkey file_or_id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inkey file_or_id"
File to read private key from. If not present then a private key must be present
in the input file.
If no engine is used, the argument is taken as a file; if an engine is
specified, the argument is given to the engine as a key identifier.
.IP "\fB\-name friendlyname\fR" 4
.IX Item "-name friendlyname"
This specifies the \*(L"friendly name\*(R" for the certificate and private key. This
name is typically displayed in list boxes by software importing the file.
.IP "\fB\-certfile filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-certfile filename"
A filename to read additional certificates from.
.IP "\fB\-caname friendlyname\fR" 4
.IX Item "-caname friendlyname"
This specifies the \*(L"friendly name\*(R" for other certificates. This option may be
used multiple times to specify names for all certificates in the order they
appear. Netscape ignores friendly names on other certificates whereas \s-1MSIE\s0
displays them.
.IP "\fB\-pass arg\fR, \fB\-passout arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pass arg, -passout arg"
The PKCS#12 file (i.e. output file) password source. For more information about
the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in
\&\fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-passin password\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passin password"
Pass phrase source to decrypt any input private keys with. For more information
about the format of \fBarg\fR see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in
\&\fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-chain\fR" 4
.IX Item "-chain"
If this option is present then an attempt is made to include the entire
certificate chain of the user certificate. The standard \s-1CA\s0 store is used
for this search. If the search fails it is considered a fatal error.
.IP "\fB\-descert\fR" 4
.IX Item "-descert"
Encrypt the certificate using triple \s-1DES,\s0 this may render the PKCS#12
file unreadable by some \*(L"export grade\*(R" software. By default the private
key is encrypted using triple \s-1DES\s0 and the certificate using 40 bit \s-1RC2\s0
unless \s-1RC2\s0 is disabled in which case triple \s-1DES\s0 is used.
.IP "\fB\-keypbe alg\fR, \fB\-certpbe alg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keypbe alg, -certpbe alg"
These options allow the algorithm used to encrypt the private key and
certificates to be selected. Any PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 \s-1PBE\s0 algorithm name
can be used (see \fB\s-1NOTES\s0\fR section for more information). If a cipher name
(as output by the \fBlist-cipher-algorithms\fR command is specified then it
is used with PKCS#5 v2.0. For interoperability reasons it is advisable to only
use PKCS#12 algorithms.
.IP "\fB\-keyex|\-keysig\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keyex|-keysig"
Specifies that the private key is to be used for key exchange or just signing.
This option is only interpreted by \s-1MSIE\s0 and similar \s-1MS\s0 software. Normally
\&\*(L"export grade\*(R" software will only allow 512 bit \s-1RSA\s0 keys to be used for
encryption purposes but arbitrary length keys for signing. The \fB\-keysig\fR
option marks the key for signing only. Signing only keys can be used for
S/MIME signing, authenticode (ActiveX control signing) and \s-1SSL\s0 client
authentication, however due to a bug only \s-1MSIE 5.0\s0 and later support
the use of signing only keys for \s-1SSL\s0 client authentication.
.IP "\fB\-macalg digest\fR" 4
.IX Item "-macalg digest"
Specify the \s-1MAC\s0 digest algorithm. If not included them \s-1SHA1\s0 will be used.
.IP "\fB\-nomaciter\fR, \fB\-noiter\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nomaciter, -noiter"
These options affect the iteration counts on the \s-1MAC\s0 and key algorithms.
Unless you wish to produce files compatible with \s-1MSIE 4.0\s0 you should leave
these options alone.
.Sp
To discourage attacks by using large dictionaries of common passwords the
algorithm that derives keys from passwords can have an iteration count applied
to it: this causes a certain part of the algorithm to be repeated and slows it
down. The \s-1MAC\s0 is used to check the file integrity but since it will normally
have the same password as the keys and certificates it could also be attacked.
By default both \s-1MAC\s0 and encryption iteration counts are set to 2048, using
these options the \s-1MAC\s0 and encryption iteration counts can be set to 1, since
this reduces the file security you should not use these options unless you
really have to. Most software supports both \s-1MAC\s0 and key iteration counts.
\&\s-1MSIE 4.0\s0 doesn't support \s-1MAC\s0 iteration counts so it needs the \fB\-nomaciter\fR
option.
.IP "\fB\-maciter\fR" 4
.IX Item "-maciter"
This option is included for compatibility with previous versions, it used
to be needed to use \s-1MAC\s0 iterations counts but they are now used by default.
.IP "\fB\-nomac\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nomac"
Don't attempt to provide the \s-1MAC\s0 integrity.
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CAfile file"
\&\s-1CA\s0 storage as a file.
.IP "\fB\-CApath dir\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CApath dir"
\&\s-1CA\s0 storage as a directory. This directory must be a standard certificate
directory: that is a hash of each subject name (using \fBx509 \-hash\fR) should be
linked to each certificate.
.IP "\fB\-no\-CAfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no-CAfile"
Do not load the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates from the default file location.
.IP "\fB\-no\-CApath\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no-CApath"
Do not load the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates from the default directory location.
.IP "\fB\-CSP name\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CSP name"
Write \fBname\fR as a Microsoft \s-1CSP\s0 name.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
Although there are a large number of options most of them are very rarely
used. For PKCS#12 file parsing only \fB\-in\fR and \fB\-out\fR need to be used
for PKCS#12 file creation \fB\-export\fR and \fB\-name\fR are also used.
.PP
If none of the \fB\-clcerts\fR, \fB\-cacerts\fR or \fB\-nocerts\fR options are present
then all certificates will be output in the order they appear in the input
PKCS#12 files. There is no guarantee that the first certificate present is
the one corresponding to the private key. Certain software which requires
a private key and certificate and assumes the first certificate in the
file is the one corresponding to the private key: this may not always
be the case. Using the \fB\-clcerts\fR option will solve this problem by only
outputting the certificate corresponding to the private key. If the \s-1CA\s0
certificates are required then they can be output to a separate file using
the \fB\-nokeys \-cacerts\fR options to just output \s-1CA\s0 certificates.
.PP
The \fB\-keypbe\fR and \fB\-certpbe\fR algorithms allow the precise encryption
algorithms for private keys and certificates to be specified. Normally
the defaults are fine but occasionally software can't handle triple \s-1DES\s0
encrypted private keys, then the option \fB\-keypbe \s-1PBE\-SHA1\-RC2\-40\s0\fR can
be used to reduce the private key encryption to 40 bit \s-1RC2. A\s0 complete
description of all algorithms is contained in the \fBpkcs8\fR manual page.
.PP
Prior 1.1 release passwords containing non-ASCII characters were encoded
in non-compliant manner, which limited interoperability, in first hand
with Windows. But switching to standard-compliant password encoding
poses problem accessing old data protected with broken encoding. For
this reason even legacy encodings is attempted when reading the
data. If you use PKCS#12 files in production application you are advised
to convert the data, because implemented heuristic approach is not
MT-safe, its sole goal is to facilitate the data upgrade with this
utility.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Parse a PKCS#12 file and output it to a file:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkcs12 \-in file.p12 \-out file.pem
.Ve
.PP
Output only client certificates to a file:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkcs12 \-in file.p12 \-clcerts \-out file.pem
.Ve
.PP
Don't encrypt the private key:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkcs12 \-in file.p12 \-out file.pem \-nodes
.Ve
.PP
Print some info about a PKCS#12 file:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkcs12 \-in file.p12 \-info \-noout
.Ve
.PP
Create a PKCS#12 file:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkcs12 \-export \-in file.pem \-out file.p12 \-name "My Certificate"
.Ve
.PP
Include some extra certificates:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl pkcs12 \-export \-in file.pem \-out file.p12 \-name "My Certificate" \e
\& \-certfile othercerts.pem
.Ve
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBpkcs8\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "PKCS7 1"
.TH PKCS7 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-pkcs7, pkcs7 \- PKCS#7 utility
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBpkcs7\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-print_certs\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBpkcs7\fR command processes PKCS#7 files in \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM\s0 format.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform DER|PEM"
This specifies the input format. \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format is \s-1DER\s0 encoded PKCS#7
v1.5 structure.\fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR (the default) is a base64 encoded version of
the \s-1DER\s0 form with header and footer lines.
.IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform DER|PEM"
This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning and default
as the \fB\-inform\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read from or standard input if this
option is not specified.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
Specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by
default.
.IP "\fB\-print_certs\fR" 4
.IX Item "-print_certs"
Prints out any certificates or CRLs contained in the file. They are
preceded by their subject and issuer names in one line format.
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
Prints out certificates details in full rather than just subject and
issuer names.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
Don't output the encoded version of the PKCS#7 structure (or certificates
is \fB\-print_certs\fR is set).
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBpkcs7\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Convert a PKCS#7 file from \s-1PEM\s0 to \s-1DER:\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkcs7 \-in file.pem \-outform DER \-out file.der
.Ve
.PP
Output all certificates in a file:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkcs7 \-in file.pem \-print_certs \-out certs.pem
.Ve
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The \s-1PEM\s0 PKCS#7 format uses the header and footer lines:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN PKCS7\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END PKCS7\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
For compatibility with some CAs it will also accept:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.SH "RESTRICTIONS"
.IX Header "RESTRICTIONS"
There is no option to print out all the fields of a PKCS#7 file.
.PP
This PKCS#7 routines only understand PKCS#7 v 1.5 as specified in \s-1RFC2315\s0 they
cannot currently parse, for example, the new \s-1CMS\s0 as described in \s-1RFC2630.\s0
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBcrl2pkcs7\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2017 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
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..
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.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
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..
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.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "PKCS8 1"
.TH PKCS8 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-pkcs8, pkcs8 \- PKCS#8 format private key conversion tool
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBpkcs8\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-topk8\fR]
[\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-passout arg\fR]
[\fB\-iter count\fR]
[\fB\-noiter\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-nocrypt\fR]
[\fB\-traditional\fR]
[\fB\-v2 alg\fR]
[\fB\-v2prf alg\fR]
[\fB\-v1 alg\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fB\-scrypt\fR]
[\fB\-scrypt_N N\fR]
[\fB\-scrypt_r r\fR]
[\fB\-scrypt_p p\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBpkcs8\fR command processes private keys in PKCS#8 format. It can handle
both unencrypted PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo format and EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo
format with a variety of PKCS#5 (v1.5 and v2.0) and PKCS#12 algorithms.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-topk8\fR" 4
.IX Item "-topk8"
Normally a PKCS#8 private key is expected on input and a private key will be
written to the output file. With the \fB\-topk8\fR option the situation is
reversed: it reads a private key and writes a PKCS#8 format key.
.IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform DER|PEM"
This specifies the input format: see \*(L"\s-1KEY FORMATS\*(R"\s0 for more details. The default
format is \s-1PEM.\s0
.IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform DER|PEM"
This specifies the output format: see \*(L"\s-1KEY FORMATS\*(R"\s0 for more details. The default
format is \s-1PEM.\s0
.IP "\fB\-traditional\fR" 4
.IX Item "-traditional"
When this option is present and \fB\-topk8\fR is not a traditional format private
key is written.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this
option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be
prompted for.
.IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passin arg"
The input file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output by
default. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be
prompted for. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same as the input
filename.
.IP "\fB\-passout arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passout arg"
The output file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-iter count\fR" 4
.IX Item "-iter count"
When creating new PKCS#8 containers, use a given number of iterations on
the password in deriving the encryption key for the PKCS#8 output.
High values increase the time required to brute-force a PKCS#8 container.
.IP "\fB\-nocrypt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nocrypt"
PKCS#8 keys generated or input are normally PKCS#8 EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo
structures using an appropriate password based encryption algorithm. With
this option an unencrypted PrivateKeyInfo structure is expected or output.
This option does not encrypt private keys at all and should only be used
when absolutely necessary. Certain software such as some versions of Java
code signing software used unencrypted private keys.
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fB\-v2 alg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-v2 alg"
This option sets the PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithm.
.Sp
The \fBalg\fR argument is the encryption algorithm to use, valid values include
\&\fBaes128\fR, \fBaes256\fR and \fBdes3\fR. If this option isn't specified then \fBaes256\fR
is used.
.IP "\fB\-v2prf alg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-v2prf alg"
This option sets the \s-1PRF\s0 algorithm to use with PKCS#5 v2.0. A typical value
value would be \fBhmacWithSHA256\fR. If this option isn't set then the default
for the cipher is used or \fBhmacWithSHA256\fR if there is no default.
.Sp
Some implementations may not support custom \s-1PRF\s0 algorithms and may require
the \fBhmacWithSHA1\fR option to work.
.IP "\fB\-v1 alg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-v1 alg"
This option indicates a PKCS#5 v1.5 or PKCS#12 algorithm should be used. Some
older implementations may not support PKCS#5 v2.0 and may require this option.
If not specified PKCS#5 v2.0 form is used.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBpkcs8\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.IP "\fB\-scrypt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-scrypt"
Uses the \fBscrypt\fR algorithm for private key encryption using default
parameters: currently N=16384, r=8 and p=1 and \s-1AES\s0 in \s-1CBC\s0 mode with a 256 bit
key. These parameters can be modified using the \fB\-scrypt_N\fR, \fB\-scrypt_r\fR,
\&\fB\-scrypt_p\fR and \fB\-v2\fR options.
.IP "\fB\-scrypt_N N\fR \fB\-scrypt_r r\fR \fB\-scrypt_p p\fR" 4
.IX Item "-scrypt_N N -scrypt_r r -scrypt_p p"
Sets the scrypt \fBN\fR, \fBr\fR or \fBp\fR parameters.
.SH "KEY FORMATS"
.IX Header "KEY FORMATS"
Various different formats are used by the pkcs8 utility. These are detailed
below.
.PP
If a key is being converted from PKCS#8 form (i.e. the \fB\-topk8\fR option is
not used) then the input file must be in PKCS#8 format. An encrypted
key is expected unless \fB\-nocrypt\fR is included.
.PP
If \fB\-topk8\fR is not used and \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR mode is set the output file will be an
unencrypted private key in PKCS#8 format. If the \fB\-traditional\fR option is
used then a traditional format private key is written instead.
.PP
If \fB\-topk8\fR is not used and \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR mode is set the output file will be an
unencrypted private key in traditional \s-1DER\s0 format.
.PP
If \fB\-topk8\fR is used then any supported private key can be used for the input
file in a format specified by \fB\-inform\fR. The output file will be encrypted
PKCS#8 format using the specified encryption parameters unless \fB\-nocrypt\fR
is included.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
By default, when converting a key to PKCS#8 format, PKCS#5 v2.0 using 256 bit
\&\s-1AES\s0 with \s-1HMAC\s0 and \s-1SHA256\s0 is used.
.PP
Some older implementations do not support PKCS#5 v2.0 format and require
the older PKCS#5 v1.5 form instead, possibly also requiring insecure weak
encryption algorithms such as 56 bit \s-1DES.\s0
.PP
The encrypted form of a \s-1PEM\s0 encode PKCS#8 files uses the following
headers and footers:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
The unencrypted form uses:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
Private keys encrypted using PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms and high iteration
counts are more secure that those encrypted using the traditional
SSLeay compatible formats. So if additional security is considered
important the keys should be converted.
.PP
It is possible to write out \s-1DER\s0 encoded encrypted private keys in
PKCS#8 format because the encryption details are included at an \s-1ASN1\s0
level whereas the traditional format includes them at a \s-1PEM\s0 level.
.SH "PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12 algorithms."
.IX Header "PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12 algorithms."
Various algorithms can be used with the \fB\-v1\fR command line option,
including PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12. These are described in more detail
below.
.IP "\fB\s-1PBE\-MD2\-DES PBE\-MD5\-DES\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "PBE-MD2-DES PBE-MD5-DES"
These algorithms were included in the original PKCS#5 v1.5 specification.
They only offer 56 bits of protection since they both use \s-1DES.\s0
.IP "\fB\s-1PBE\-SHA1\-RC2\-64\s0\fR, \fB\s-1PBE\-MD2\-RC2\-64\s0\fR, \fB\s-1PBE\-MD5\-RC2\-64\s0\fR, \fB\s-1PBE\-SHA1\-DES\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "PBE-SHA1-RC2-64, PBE-MD2-RC2-64, PBE-MD5-RC2-64, PBE-SHA1-DES"
These algorithms are not mentioned in the original PKCS#5 v1.5 specification
but they use the same key derivation algorithm and are supported by some
software. They are mentioned in PKCS#5 v2.0. They use either 64 bit \s-1RC2\s0 or
56 bit \s-1DES.\s0
.IP "\fB\s-1PBE\-SHA1\-RC4\-128\s0\fR, \fB\s-1PBE\-SHA1\-RC4\-40\s0\fR, \fB\s-1PBE\-SHA1\-3DES\s0\fR, \fB\s-1PBE\-SHA1\-2DES\s0\fR, \fB\s-1PBE\-SHA1\-RC2\-128\s0\fR, \fB\s-1PBE\-SHA1\-RC2\-40\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "PBE-SHA1-RC4-128, PBE-SHA1-RC4-40, PBE-SHA1-3DES, PBE-SHA1-2DES, PBE-SHA1-RC2-128, PBE-SHA1-RC2-40"
These algorithms use the PKCS#12 password based encryption algorithm and
allow strong encryption algorithms like triple \s-1DES\s0 or 128 bit \s-1RC2\s0 to be used.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Convert a private key to PKCS#8 format using default parameters (\s-1AES\s0 with
256 bit key and \fBhmacWithSHA256\fR):
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkcs8 \-in key.pem \-topk8 \-out enckey.pem
.Ve
.PP
Convert a private key to PKCS#8 unencrypted format:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkcs8 \-in key.pem \-topk8 \-nocrypt \-out enckey.pem
.Ve
.PP
Convert a private key to PKCS#5 v2.0 format using triple \s-1DES:\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkcs8 \-in key.pem \-topk8 \-v2 des3 \-out enckey.pem
.Ve
.PP
Convert a private key to PKCS#5 v2.0 format using \s-1AES\s0 with 256 bits in \s-1CBC\s0
mode and \fBhmacWithSHA512\fR \s-1PRF:\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkcs8 \-in key.pem \-topk8 \-v2 aes\-256\-cbc \-v2prf hmacWithSHA512 \-out enckey.pem
.Ve
.PP
Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#5 1.5 compatible algorithm
(\s-1DES\s0):
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkcs8 \-in key.pem \-topk8 \-v1 PBE\-MD5\-DES \-out enckey.pem
.Ve
.PP
Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#12 compatible algorithm
(3DES):
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkcs8 \-in key.pem \-topk8 \-out enckey.pem \-v1 PBE\-SHA1\-3DES
.Ve
.PP
Read a \s-1DER\s0 unencrypted PKCS#8 format private key:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkcs8 \-inform DER \-nocrypt \-in key.der \-out key.pem
.Ve
.PP
Convert a private key from any PKCS#8 encrypted format to traditional format:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkcs8 \-in pk8.pem \-traditional \-out key.pem
.Ve
.PP
Convert a private key to PKCS#8 format, encrypting with \s-1AES\-256\s0 and with
one million iterations of the password:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkcs8 \-in key.pem \-topk8 \-v2 aes\-256\-cbc \-iter 1000000 \-out pk8.pem
.Ve
.SH "STANDARDS"
.IX Header "STANDARDS"
Test vectors from this PKCS#5 v2.0 implementation were posted to the
pkcs-tng mailing list using triple \s-1DES, DES\s0 and \s-1RC2\s0 with high iteration
counts, several people confirmed that they could decrypt the private
keys produced and Therefore it can be assumed that the PKCS#5 v2.0
implementation is reasonably accurate at least as far as these
algorithms are concerned.
.PP
The format of PKCS#8 \s-1DSA\s0 (and other) private keys is not well documented:
it is hidden away in PKCS#11 v2.01, section 11.9. OpenSSL's default \s-1DSA\s0
PKCS#8 private key format complies with this standard.
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
There should be an option that prints out the encryption algorithm
in use and other details such as the iteration count.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBdsa\fR\|(1), \fBrsa\fR\|(1), \fBgenrsa\fR\|(1),
\&\fBgendsa\fR\|(1)
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
The \fB\-iter\fR option was added in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
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.\"
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.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
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.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
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.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "PKEY 1"
.TH PKEY 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-pkey, pkey \- public or private key processing tool
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBpkey\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-passout arg\fR]
[\fB\-traditional\fR]
[\fB\-\f(BIcipher\fB\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-text_pub\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-pubin\fR]
[\fB\-pubout\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fB\-check\fR]
[\fB\-pubcheck\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBpkey\fR command processes public or private keys. They can be converted
between various forms and their components printed out.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform DER|PEM"
This specifies the input format \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM.\s0 The default format is \s-1PEM.\s0
.IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform DER|PEM"
This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning and default
as the \fB\-inform\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this
option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be
prompted for.
.IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passin arg"
The input file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output if this
option is not specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase
will be prompted for. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same as the input
filename.
.IP "\fB\-passout password\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passout password"
The output file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-traditional\fR" 4
.IX Item "-traditional"
Normally a private key is written using standard format: this is PKCS#8 form
with the appropriate encryption algorithm (if any). If the \fB\-traditional\fR
option is specified then the older \*(L"traditional\*(R" format is used instead.
.IP "\fB\-\f(BIcipher\fB\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cipher"
These options encrypt the private key with the supplied cipher. Any algorithm
name accepted by \fBEVP_get_cipherbyname()\fR is acceptable such as \fBdes3\fR.
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
Prints out the various public or private key components in
plain text in addition to the encoded version.
.IP "\fB\-text_pub\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text_pub"
Print out only public key components even if a private key is being processed.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
Do not output the encoded version of the key.
.IP "\fB\-pubin\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pubin"
By default a private key is read from the input file: with this
option a public key is read instead.
.IP "\fB\-pubout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pubout"
By default a private key is output: with this option a public
key will be output instead. This option is automatically set if
the input is a public key.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBpkey\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.IP "\fB\-check\fR" 4
.IX Item "-check"
This option checks the consistency of a key pair for both public and private
components.
.IP "\fB\-pubcheck\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pubcheck"
This option checks the correctness of either a public key or the public component
of a key pair.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
To remove the pass phrase on an \s-1RSA\s0 private key:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkey \-in key.pem \-out keyout.pem
.Ve
.PP
To encrypt a private key using triple \s-1DES:\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkey \-in key.pem \-des3 \-out keyout.pem
.Ve
.PP
To convert a private key from \s-1PEM\s0 to \s-1DER\s0 format:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkey \-in key.pem \-outform DER \-out keyout.der
.Ve
.PP
To print out the components of a private key to standard output:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkey \-in key.pem \-text \-noout
.Ve
.PP
To print out the public components of a private key to standard output:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkey \-in key.pem \-text_pub \-noout
.Ve
.PP
To just output the public part of a private key:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkey \-in key.pem \-pubout \-out pubkey.pem
.Ve
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBgenpkey\fR\|(1), \fBrsa\fR\|(1), \fBpkcs8\fR\|(1),
\&\fBdsa\fR\|(1), \fBgenrsa\fR\|(1), \fBgendsa\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2006\-2017 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
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.\" ========================================================================
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.el .ds Aq '
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.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
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..
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.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
. ds : e
. ds 8 ss
. ds o a
. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy
. ds th \o'bp'
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. ds ae ae
. ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "PKEYPARAM 1"
.TH PKEYPARAM 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-pkeyparam, pkeyparam \- public key algorithm parameter processing tool
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBpkeyparam\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fB\-check\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBpkeyparam\fR command processes public key algorithm parameters.
They can be checked for correctness and their components printed out.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read parameters from or standard input if
this option is not specified.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
This specifies the output filename to write parameters to or standard output if
this option is not specified.
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
Prints out the parameters in plain text in addition to the encoded version.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
Do not output the encoded version of the parameters.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBpkeyparam\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.IP "\fB\-check\fR" 4
.IX Item "-check"
This option checks the correctness of parameters.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Print out text version of parameters:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkeyparam \-in param.pem \-text
.Ve
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
There are no \fB\-inform\fR or \fB\-outform\fR options for this command because only
\&\s-1PEM\s0 format is supported because the key type is determined by the \s-1PEM\s0 headers.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBgenpkey\fR\|(1), \fBrsa\fR\|(1), \fBpkcs8\fR\|(1),
\&\fBdsa\fR\|(1), \fBgenrsa\fR\|(1), \fBgendsa\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2006\-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
.\" Standard preamble:
.\" ========================================================================
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
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.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will
.\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
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. ds C` ""
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'br\}
.el\{\
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. ds C`
. ds C'
'br\}
.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
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..
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. nr F 2
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. \}
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.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
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. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
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.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
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.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
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.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
. ds : e
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. ds th \o'bp'
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. ds ae ae
. ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "PKEYUTL 1"
.TH PKEYUTL 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-pkeyutl, pkeyutl \- public key algorithm utility
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBpkeyutl\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-in file\fR]
[\fB\-out file\fR]
[\fB\-sigfile file\fR]
[\fB\-inkey file\fR]
[\fB\-keyform PEM|DER|ENGINE\fR]
[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
[\fB\-peerkey file\fR]
[\fB\-peerform PEM|DER|ENGINE\fR]
[\fB\-pubin\fR]
[\fB\-certin\fR]
[\fB\-rev\fR]
[\fB\-sign\fR]
[\fB\-verify\fR]
[\fB\-verifyrecover\fR]
[\fB\-encrypt\fR]
[\fB\-decrypt\fR]
[\fB\-derive\fR]
[\fB\-kdf algorithm\fR]
[\fB\-kdflen length\fR]
[\fB\-pkeyopt opt:value\fR]
[\fB\-hexdump\fR]
[\fB\-asn1parse\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fB\-engine_impl\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBpkeyutl\fR command can be used to perform low level public key operations
using any supported algorithm.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read data from or standard input
if this option is not specified.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
Specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by
default.
.IP "\fB\-sigfile file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sigfile file"
Signature file, required for \fBverify\fR operations only
.IP "\fB\-inkey file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inkey file"
The input key file, by default it should be a private key.
.IP "\fB\-keyform PEM|DER|ENGINE\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keyform PEM|DER|ENGINE"
The key format \s-1PEM, DER\s0 or \s-1ENGINE.\s0 Default is \s-1PEM.\s0
.IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passin arg"
The input key password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-peerkey file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-peerkey file"
The peer key file, used by key derivation (agreement) operations.
.IP "\fB\-peerform PEM|DER|ENGINE\fR" 4
.IX Item "-peerform PEM|DER|ENGINE"
The peer key format \s-1PEM, DER\s0 or \s-1ENGINE.\s0 Default is \s-1PEM.\s0
.IP "\fB\-pubin\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pubin"
The input file is a public key.
.IP "\fB\-certin\fR" 4
.IX Item "-certin"
The input is a certificate containing a public key.
.IP "\fB\-rev\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rev"
Reverse the order of the input buffer. This is useful for some libraries
(such as CryptoAPI) which represent the buffer in little endian format.
.IP "\fB\-sign\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sign"
Sign the input data (which must be a hash) and output the signed result. This
requires a private key.
.IP "\fB\-verify\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify"
Verify the input data (which must be a hash) against the signature file and
indicate if the verification succeeded or failed.
.IP "\fB\-verifyrecover\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verifyrecover"
Verify the input data (which must be a hash) and output the recovered data.
.IP "\fB\-encrypt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-encrypt"
Encrypt the input data using a public key.
.IP "\fB\-decrypt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-decrypt"
Decrypt the input data using a private key.
.IP "\fB\-derive\fR" 4
.IX Item "-derive"
Derive a shared secret using the peer key.
.IP "\fB\-kdf algorithm\fR" 4
.IX Item "-kdf algorithm"
Use key derivation function \fBalgorithm\fR. The supported algorithms are
at present \fB\s-1TLS1\-PRF\s0\fR and \fB\s-1HKDF\s0\fR.
Note: additional parameters and the \s-1KDF\s0 output length will normally have to be
set for this to work.
See \fBEVP_PKEY_CTX_set_hkdf_md\fR\|(3) and \fBEVP_PKEY_CTX_set_tls1_prf_md\fR\|(3)
for the supported string parameters of each algorithm.
.IP "\fB\-kdflen length\fR" 4
.IX Item "-kdflen length"
Set the output length for \s-1KDF.\s0
.IP "\fB\-pkeyopt opt:value\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pkeyopt opt:value"
Public key options specified as opt:value. See \s-1NOTES\s0 below for more details.
.IP "\fB\-hexdump\fR" 4
.IX Item "-hexdump"
hex dump the output data.
.IP "\fB\-asn1parse\fR" 4
.IX Item "-asn1parse"
Parse the \s-1ASN.1\s0 output data, this is useful when combined with the
\&\fB\-verifyrecover\fR option when an \s-1ASN1\s0 structure is signed.
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBpkeyutl\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.IP "\fB\-engine_impl\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine_impl"
When used with the \fB\-engine\fR option, it specifies to also use
engine \fBid\fR for crypto operations.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The operations and options supported vary according to the key algorithm
and its implementation. The OpenSSL operations and options are indicated below.
.PP
Unless otherwise mentioned all algorithms support the \fBdigest:alg\fR option
which specifies the digest in use for sign, verify and verifyrecover operations.
The value \fBalg\fR should represent a digest name as used in the
\&\fBEVP_get_digestbyname()\fR function for example \fBsha1\fR. This value is not used to
hash the input data. It is used (by some algorithms) for sanity-checking the
lengths of data passed in to the \fBpkeyutl\fR and for creating the structures that
make up the signature (e.g. \fBDigestInfo\fR in \s-1RSASSA\s0 PKCS#1 v1.5 signatures).
.PP
This utility does not hash the input data but rather it will use the data
directly as input to the signature algorithm. Depending on the key type,
signature type, and mode of padding, the maximum acceptable lengths of input
data differ. The signed data can't be longer than the key modulus with \s-1RSA.\s0 In
case of \s-1ECDSA\s0 and \s-1DSA\s0 the data shouldn't be longer than the field
size, otherwise it will be silently truncated to the field size. In any event
the input size must not be larger than the largest supported digest size.
.PP
In other words, if the value of digest is \fBsha1\fR the input should be the 20
bytes long binary encoding of the \s-1SHA\-1\s0 hash function output.
.PP
The Ed25519 and Ed448 signature algorithms are not supported by this utility.
They accept non-hashed input, but this utility can only be used to sign hashed
input.
.SH "RSA ALGORITHM"
.IX Header "RSA ALGORITHM"
The \s-1RSA\s0 algorithm generally supports the encrypt, decrypt, sign,
verify and verifyrecover operations. However, some padding modes
support only a subset of these operations. The following additional
\&\fBpkeyopt\fR values are supported:
.IP "\fBrsa_padding_mode:mode\fR" 4
.IX Item "rsa_padding_mode:mode"
This sets the \s-1RSA\s0 padding mode. Acceptable values for \fBmode\fR are \fBpkcs1\fR for
PKCS#1 padding, \fBsslv23\fR for SSLv23 padding, \fBnone\fR for no padding, \fBoaep\fR
for \fB\s-1OAEP\s0\fR mode, \fBx931\fR for X9.31 mode and \fBpss\fR for \s-1PSS.\s0
.Sp
In PKCS#1 padding if the message digest is not set then the supplied data is
signed or verified directly instead of using a \fBDigestInfo\fR structure. If a
digest is set then the a \fBDigestInfo\fR structure is used and its the length
must correspond to the digest type.
.Sp
For \fBoaep\fR mode only encryption and decryption is supported.
.Sp
For \fBx931\fR if the digest type is set it is used to format the block data
otherwise the first byte is used to specify the X9.31 digest \s-1ID.\s0 Sign,
verify and verifyrecover are can be performed in this mode.
.Sp
For \fBpss\fR mode only sign and verify are supported and the digest type must be
specified.
.IP "\fBrsa_pss_saltlen:len\fR" 4
.IX Item "rsa_pss_saltlen:len"
For \fBpss\fR mode only this option specifies the salt length. Three special
values are supported: \*(L"digest\*(R" sets the salt length to the digest length,
\&\*(L"max\*(R" sets the salt length to the maximum permissible value. When verifying
\&\*(L"auto\*(R" causes the salt length to be automatically determined based on the
\&\fB\s-1PSS\s0\fR block structure.
.IP "\fBrsa_mgf1_md:digest\fR" 4
.IX Item "rsa_mgf1_md:digest"
For \s-1PSS\s0 and \s-1OAEP\s0 padding sets the \s-1MGF1\s0 digest. If the \s-1MGF1\s0 digest is not
explicitly set in \s-1PSS\s0 mode then the signing digest is used.
.SH "RSA-PSS ALGORITHM"
.IX Header "RSA-PSS ALGORITHM"
The RSA-PSS algorithm is a restricted version of the \s-1RSA\s0 algorithm which only
supports the sign and verify operations with \s-1PSS\s0 padding. The following
additional \fBpkeyopt\fR values are supported:
.IP "\fBrsa_padding_mode:mode\fR, \fBrsa_pss_saltlen:len\fR, \fBrsa_mgf1_md:digest\fR" 4
.IX Item "rsa_padding_mode:mode, rsa_pss_saltlen:len, rsa_mgf1_md:digest"
These have the same meaning as the \fB\s-1RSA\s0\fR algorithm with some additional
restrictions. The padding mode can only be set to \fBpss\fR which is the
default value.
.Sp
If the key has parameter restrictions than the digest, \s-1MGF1\s0
digest and salt length are set to the values specified in the parameters.
The digest and \s-1MG\s0 cannot be changed and the salt length cannot be set to a
value less than the minimum restriction.
.SH "DSA ALGORITHM"
.IX Header "DSA ALGORITHM"
The \s-1DSA\s0 algorithm supports signing and verification operations only. Currently
there are no additional \fB\-pkeyopt\fR options other than \fBdigest\fR. The \s-1SHA1\s0
digest is assumed by default.
.SH "DH ALGORITHM"
.IX Header "DH ALGORITHM"
The \s-1DH\s0 algorithm only supports the derivation operation and no additional
\&\fB\-pkeyopt\fR options.
.SH "EC ALGORITHM"
.IX Header "EC ALGORITHM"
The \s-1EC\s0 algorithm supports sign, verify and derive operations. The sign and
verify operations use \s-1ECDSA\s0 and derive uses \s-1ECDH. SHA1\s0 is assumed by default for
the \fB\-pkeyopt\fR \fBdigest\fR option.
.SH "X25519 and X448 ALGORITHMS"
.IX Header "X25519 and X448 ALGORITHMS"
The X25519 and X448 algorithms support key derivation only. Currently there are
no additional options.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Sign some data using a private key:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkeyutl \-sign \-in file \-inkey key.pem \-out sig
.Ve
.PP
Recover the signed data (e.g. if an \s-1RSA\s0 key is used):
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkeyutl \-verifyrecover \-in sig \-inkey key.pem
.Ve
.PP
Verify the signature (e.g. a \s-1DSA\s0 key):
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkeyutl \-verify \-in file \-sigfile sig \-inkey key.pem
.Ve
.PP
Sign data using a message digest value (this is currently only valid for \s-1RSA\s0):
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkeyutl \-sign \-in file \-inkey key.pem \-out sig \-pkeyopt digest:sha256
.Ve
.PP
Derive a shared secret value:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl pkeyutl \-derive \-inkey key.pem \-peerkey pubkey.pem \-out secret
.Ve
.PP
Hexdump 48 bytes of \s-1TLS1 PRF\s0 using digest \fB\s-1SHA256\s0\fR and shared secret and
seed consisting of the single byte 0xFF:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl pkeyutl \-kdf TLS1\-PRF \-kdflen 48 \-pkeyopt md:SHA256 \e
\& \-pkeyopt hexsecret:ff \-pkeyopt hexseed:ff \-hexdump
.Ve
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBgenpkey\fR\|(1), \fBpkey\fR\|(1), \fBrsautl\fR\|(1)
\&\fBdgst\fR\|(1), \fBrsa\fR\|(1), \fBgenrsa\fR\|(1),
\&\fBEVP_PKEY_CTX_set_hkdf_md\fR\|(3), \fBEVP_PKEY_CTX_set_tls1_prf_md\fR\|(3)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2006\-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
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.\" ========================================================================
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will
.\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
.ie n \{\
. ds -- \(*W-
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. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
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. ds R" ""
. ds C` ""
. ds C' ""
'br\}
.el\{\
. ds -- \|\(em\|
. ds PI \(*p
. ds L" ``
. ds R" ''
. ds C`
. ds C'
'br\}
.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
. if \nF \{\
. de IX
. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
..
. if !\nF==2 \{\
. nr % 0
. nr F 2
. \}
. \}
.\}
.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
. ds #H 0
. ds #V .8m
. ds #F .3m
. ds #[ \f1
. ds #] \fP
.\}
.if t \{\
. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
. ds #V .6m
. ds #F 0
. ds #[ \&
. ds #] \&
.\}
. \" simple accents for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
. ds ' \&
. ds ` \&
. ds ^ \&
. ds , \&
. ds ~ ~
. ds /
.\}
.if t \{\
. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
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. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
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.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]
.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
. \" corrections for vroff
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.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
. ds : e
. ds 8 ss
. ds o a
. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
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. ds th \o'bp'
. ds Th \o'LP'
. ds ae ae
. ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "PRIME 1"
.TH PRIME 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-prime, prime \- compute prime numbers
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl prime\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-hex\fR]
[\fB\-generate\fR]
[\fB\-bits\fR]
[\fB\-safe\fR]
[\fB\-checks\fR]
[\fInumber...\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBprime\fR command checks if the specified numbers are prime.
.PP
If no numbers are given on the command line, the \fB\-generate\fR flag should
be used to generate primes according to the requirements specified by the
rest of the flags.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "[\fB\-help\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-help]"
Display an option summary.
.IP "[\fB\-hex\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-hex]"
Generate hex output.
.IP "[\fB\-generate\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-generate]"
Generate a prime number.
.IP "[\fB\-bits num\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-bits num]"
Generate a prime with \fBnum\fR bits.
.IP "[\fB\-safe\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-safe]"
When used with \fB\-generate\fR, generates a \*(L"safe\*(R" prime. If the number
generated is \fBn\fR, then check that \fB(n\-1)/2\fR is also prime.
.IP "[\fB\-checks num\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-checks num]"
Perform the checks \fBnum\fR times to see that the generated number
is prime. The default is 20.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2017 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
.\" Standard preamble:
.\" ========================================================================
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will
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.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
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. ds -- \(*W-
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. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
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. ds L" ""
. ds R" ""
. ds C` ""
. ds C' ""
'br\}
.el\{\
. ds -- \|\(em\|
. ds PI \(*p
. ds L" ``
. ds R" ''
. ds C`
. ds C'
'br\}
.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
. if \nF \{\
. de IX
. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
..
. if !\nF==2 \{\
. nr % 0
. nr F 2
. \}
. \}
.\}
.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
. ds #H 0
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. ds #F .3m
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.\}
. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
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.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
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.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]
.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
. \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
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. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
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. ds th \o'bp'
. ds Th \o'LP'
. ds ae ae
. ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "RAND 1"
.TH RAND 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-rand, rand \- generate pseudo\-random bytes
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl rand\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-out\fR \fIfile\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-base64\fR]
[\fB\-hex\fR]
\&\fInum\fR
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
This command generates \fInum\fR random bytes using a cryptographically
secure pseudo random number generator (\s-1CSPRNG\s0).
.PP
The random bytes are generated using the \fBRAND_bytes\fR\|(3) function,
which provides a security level of 256 bits, provided it managed to
seed itself successfully from a trusted operating system entropy source.
Otherwise, the command will fail with a nonzero error code.
For more details, see \fBRAND_bytes\fR\|(3), \s-1\fBRAND\s0\fR\|(7), and \s-1\fBRAND_DRBG\s0\fR\|(7).
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-out file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out file"
Write to \fIfile\fR instead of standard output.
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
Explicitly specifying a seed file is in general not necessary, see the
\&\*(L"\s-1NOTES\*(R"\s0 section for more information.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fB\-base64\fR" 4
.IX Item "-base64"
Perform base64 encoding on the output.
.IP "\fB\-hex\fR" 4
.IX Item "-hex"
Show the output as a hex string.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
Prior to OpenSSL 1.1.1, it was common for applications to store information
about the state of the random-number generator in a file that was loaded
at startup and rewritten upon exit. On modern operating systems, this is
generally no longer necessary as OpenSSL will seed itself from a trusted
entropy source provided by the operating system. The \fB\-rand\fR and
\&\fB\-writerand\fR flags are still supported for special platforms or
circumstances that might require them.
.PP
It is generally an error to use the same seed file more than once and
every use of \fB\-rand\fR should be paired with \fB\-writerand\fR.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBRAND_bytes\fR\|(3),
\&\s-1\fBRAND\s0\fR\|(7),
\&\s-1\fBRAND_DRBG\s0\fR\|(7)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
.\" Standard preamble:
.\" ========================================================================
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will
.\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
.ie n \{\
. ds -- \(*W-
. ds PI pi
. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
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. ds C' ""
'br\}
.el\{\
. ds -- \|\(em\|
. ds PI \(*p
. ds L" ``
. ds R" ''
. ds C`
. ds C'
'br\}
.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
. if \nF \{\
. de IX
. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
..
. if !\nF==2 \{\
. nr % 0
. nr F 2
. \}
. \}
.\}
.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
. ds #H 0
. ds #V .8m
. ds #F .3m
. ds #[ \f1
. ds #] \fP
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. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
.\}
. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
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.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]
.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
. \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
. ds : e
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. ds th \o'bp'
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. ds ae ae
. ds Ae AE
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "REHASH 1"
.TH REHASH 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-c_rehash, openssl\-rehash, c_rehash, rehash \- Create symbolic links to files named by the hash values
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR
\&\fBrehash\fR
\&\fB[\-h]\fR
\&\fB[\-help]\fR
\&\fB[\-old]\fR
\&\fB[\-n]\fR
\&\fB[\-v]\fR
[ \fIdirectory\fR...]
.PP
\&\fBc_rehash\fR
\&\fIflags...\fR
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
On some platforms, the OpenSSL \fBrehash\fR command is available as
an external script called \fBc_rehash\fR. They are functionally equivalent,
except for minor differences noted below.
.PP
\&\fBrehash\fR scans directories and calculates a hash value of each
\&\f(CW\*(C`.pem\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`.crt\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`.cer\*(C'\fR, or \f(CW\*(C`.crl\*(C'\fR
file in the specified directory list and creates symbolic links
for each file, where the name of the link is the hash value.
(If the platform does not support symbolic links, a copy is made.)
This utility is useful as many programs that use OpenSSL require
directories to be set up like this in order to find certificates.
.PP
If any directories are named on the command line, then those are
processed in turn. If not, then the \fB\s-1SSL_CERT_DIR\s0\fR environment variable
is consulted; this should be a colon-separated list of directories,
like the Unix \fB\s-1PATH\s0\fR variable.
If that is not set then the default directory (installation-specific
but often \fB/usr/local/ssl/certs\fR) is processed.
.PP
In order for a directory to be processed, the user must have write
permissions on that directory, otherwise an error will be generated.
.PP
The links created are of the form \f(CW\*(C`HHHHHHHH.D\*(C'\fR, where each \fBH\fR
is a hexadecimal character and \fBD\fR is a single decimal digit.
When processing a directory, \fBrehash\fR will first remove all links
that have a name in that syntax, even if they are being used for some
other purpose.
To skip the removal step, use the \fB\-n\fR flag.
Hashes for \s-1CRL\s0's look similar except the letter \fBr\fR appears after
the period, like this: \f(CW\*(C`HHHHHHHH.rD\*(C'\fR.
.PP
Multiple objects may have the same hash; they will be indicated by
incrementing the \fBD\fR value. Duplicates are found by comparing the
full \s-1SHA\-1\s0 fingerprint. A warning will be displayed if a duplicate
is found.
.PP
A warning will also be displayed if there are files that
cannot be parsed as either a certificate or a \s-1CRL\s0 or if
more than one such object appears in the file.
.SS "Script Configuration"
.IX Subsection "Script Configuration"
The \fBc_rehash\fR script
uses the \fBopenssl\fR program to compute the hashes and
fingerprints. If not found in the user's \fB\s-1PATH\s0\fR, then set the
\&\fB\s-1OPENSSL\s0\fR environment variable to the full pathname.
Any program can be used, it will be invoked as follows for either
a certificate or \s-1CRL:\s0
.PP
.Vb 2
\& $OPENSSL x509 \-hash \-fingerprint \-noout \-in FILENAME
\& $OPENSSL crl \-hash \-fingerprint \-noout \-in FILENAME
.Ve
.PP
where \fB\s-1FILENAME\s0\fR is the filename. It must output the hash of the
file on the first line, and the fingerprint on the second,
optionally prefixed with some text and an equals sign.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR \fB\-h\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help -h"
Display a brief usage message.
.IP "\fB\-old\fR" 4
.IX Item "-old"
Use old-style hashing (\s-1MD5,\s0 as opposed to \s-1SHA\-1\s0) for generating
links to be used for releases before 1.0.0.
Note that current versions will not use the old style.
.IP "\fB\-n\fR" 4
.IX Item "-n"
Do not remove existing links.
This is needed when keeping new and old-style links in the same directory.
.IP "\fB\-compat\fR" 4
.IX Item "-compat"
Generate links for both old-style (\s-1MD5\s0) and new-style (\s-1SHA1\s0) hashing.
This allows releases before 1.0.0 to use these links along-side newer
releases.
.IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4
.IX Item "-v"
Print messages about old links removed and new links created.
By default, \fBrehash\fR only lists each directory as it is processed.
.SH "ENVIRONMENT"
.IX Header "ENVIRONMENT"
.IP "\fB\s-1OPENSSL\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "OPENSSL"
The path to an executable to use to generate hashes and
fingerprints (see above).
.IP "\fB\s-1SSL_CERT_DIR\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "SSL_CERT_DIR"
Colon separated list of directories to operate on.
Ignored if directories are listed on the command line.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBopenssl\fR\|(1),
\&\fBcrl\fR\|(1).
\&\fBx509\fR\|(1).
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2015\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "REQ 1"
.TH REQ 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-req, req \- PKCS#10 certificate request and certificate generating utility
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBreq\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-passout arg\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-pubkey\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-verify\fR]
[\fB\-modulus\fR]
[\fB\-new\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-newkey rsa:bits\fR]
[\fB\-newkey alg:file\fR]
[\fB\-nodes\fR]
[\fB\-key filename\fR]
[\fB\-keyform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-keyout filename\fR]
[\fB\-keygen_engine id\fR]
[\fB\-\f(BIdigest\fB\fR]
[\fB\-config filename\fR]
[\fB\-multivalue\-rdn\fR]
[\fB\-x509\fR]
[\fB\-days n\fR]
[\fB\-set_serial n\fR]
[\fB\-newhdr\fR]
[\fB\-addext ext\fR]
[\fB\-extensions section\fR]
[\fB\-reqexts section\fR]
[\fB\-precert\fR]
[\fB\-utf8\fR]
[\fB\-nameopt\fR]
[\fB\-reqopt\fR]
[\fB\-subject\fR]
[\fB\-subj arg\fR]
[\fB\-sigopt nm:v\fR]
[\fB\-batch\fR]
[\fB\-verbose\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBreq\fR command primarily creates and processes certificate requests
in PKCS#10 format. It can additionally create self signed certificates
for use as root CAs for example.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform DER|PEM"
This specifies the input format. The \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR option uses an \s-1ASN1 DER\s0 encoded
form compatible with the PKCS#10. The \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR form is the default format: it
consists of the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format base64 encoded with additional header and
footer lines.
.IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform DER|PEM"
This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning and default
as the \fB\-inform\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read a request from or standard input
if this option is not specified. A request is only read if the creation
options (\fB\-new\fR and \fB\-newkey\fR) are not specified.
.IP "\fB\-sigopt nm:v\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sigopt nm:v"
Pass options to the signature algorithm during sign or verify operations.
Names and values of these options are algorithm-specific.
.IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passin arg"
The input file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
This specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by
default.
.IP "\fB\-passout arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passout arg"
The output file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
Prints out the certificate request in text form.
.IP "\fB\-subject\fR" 4
.IX Item "-subject"
Prints out the request subject (or certificate subject if \fB\-x509\fR is
specified)
.IP "\fB\-pubkey\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pubkey"
Outputs the public key.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
This option prevents output of the encoded version of the request.
.IP "\fB\-modulus\fR" 4
.IX Item "-modulus"
This option prints out the value of the modulus of the public key
contained in the request.
.IP "\fB\-verify\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify"
Verifies the signature on the request.
.IP "\fB\-new\fR" 4
.IX Item "-new"
This option generates a new certificate request. It will prompt
the user for the relevant field values. The actual fields
prompted for and their maximum and minimum sizes are specified
in the configuration file and any requested extensions.
.Sp
If the \fB\-key\fR option is not used it will generate a new \s-1RSA\s0 private
key using information specified in the configuration file.
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fB\-newkey arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-newkey arg"
This option creates a new certificate request and a new private
key. The argument takes one of several forms. \fBrsa:nbits\fR, where
\&\fBnbits\fR is the number of bits, generates an \s-1RSA\s0 key \fBnbits\fR
in size. If \fBnbits\fR is omitted, i.e. \fB\-newkey rsa\fR specified,
the default key size, specified in the configuration file is used.
.Sp
All other algorithms support the \fB\-newkey alg:file\fR form, where file may be
an algorithm parameter file, created by the \fBgenpkey \-genparam\fR command
or and X.509 certificate for a key with appropriate algorithm.
.Sp
\&\fBparam:file\fR generates a key using the parameter file or certificate \fBfile\fR,
the algorithm is determined by the parameters. \fBalgname:file\fR use algorithm
\&\fBalgname\fR and parameter file \fBfile\fR: the two algorithms must match or an
error occurs. \fBalgname\fR just uses algorithm \fBalgname\fR, and parameters,
if necessary should be specified via \fB\-pkeyopt\fR parameter.
.Sp
\&\fBdsa:filename\fR generates a \s-1DSA\s0 key using the parameters
in the file \fBfilename\fR. \fBec:filename\fR generates \s-1EC\s0 key (usable both with
\&\s-1ECDSA\s0 or \s-1ECDH\s0 algorithms), \fBgost2001:filename\fR generates \s-1GOST R
34.10\-2001\s0 key (requires \fBccgost\fR engine configured in the configuration
file). If just \fBgost2001\fR is specified a parameter set should be
specified by \fB\-pkeyopt paramset:X\fR
.IP "\fB\-pkeyopt opt:value\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pkeyopt opt:value"
Set the public key algorithm option \fBopt\fR to \fBvalue\fR. The precise set of
options supported depends on the public key algorithm used and its
implementation. See \fB\s-1KEY GENERATION OPTIONS\s0\fR in the \fBgenpkey\fR manual page
for more details.
.IP "\fB\-key filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-key filename"
This specifies the file to read the private key from. It also
accepts PKCS#8 format private keys for \s-1PEM\s0 format files.
.IP "\fB\-keyform PEM|DER\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keyform PEM|DER"
The format of the private key file specified in the \fB\-key\fR
argument. \s-1PEM\s0 is the default.
.IP "\fB\-keyout filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keyout filename"
This gives the filename to write the newly created private key to.
If this option is not specified then the filename present in the
configuration file is used.
.IP "\fB\-nodes\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nodes"
If this option is specified then if a private key is created it
will not be encrypted.
.IP "\fB\-\f(BIdigest\fB\fR" 4
.IX Item "-digest"
This specifies the message digest to sign the request.
Any digest supported by the OpenSSL \fBdgst\fR command can be used.
This overrides the digest algorithm specified in
the configuration file.
.Sp
Some public key algorithms may override this choice. For instance, \s-1DSA\s0
signatures always use \s-1SHA1, GOST R 34.10\s0 signatures always use
\&\s-1GOST R 34.11\-94\s0 (\fB\-md_gost94\fR), Ed25519 and Ed448 never use any digest.
.IP "\fB\-config filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-config filename"
This allows an alternative configuration file to be specified.
Optional; for a description of the default value,
see \*(L"\s-1COMMAND SUMMARY\*(R"\s0 in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-subj arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-subj arg"
Sets subject name for new request or supersedes the subject name
when processing a request.
The arg must be formatted as \fI/type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=...\fR.
Keyword characters may be escaped by \e (backslash), and whitespace is retained.
Empty values are permitted, but the corresponding type will not be included
in the request.
.IP "\fB\-multivalue\-rdn\fR" 4
.IX Item "-multivalue-rdn"
This option causes the \-subj argument to be interpreted with full
support for multivalued RDNs. Example:
.Sp
\&\fI/DC=org/DC=OpenSSL/DC=users/UID=123456+CN=John Doe\fR
.Sp
If \-multi\-rdn is not used then the \s-1UID\s0 value is \fI123456+CN=John Doe\fR.
.IP "\fB\-x509\fR" 4
.IX Item "-x509"
This option outputs a self signed certificate instead of a certificate
request. This is typically used to generate a test certificate or
a self signed root \s-1CA.\s0 The extensions added to the certificate
(if any) are specified in the configuration file. Unless specified
using the \fBset_serial\fR option, a large random number will be used for
the serial number.
.Sp
If existing request is specified with the \fB\-in\fR option, it is converted
to the self signed certificate otherwise new request is created.
.IP "\fB\-days n\fR" 4
.IX Item "-days n"
When the \fB\-x509\fR option is being used this specifies the number of
days to certify the certificate for, otherwise it is ignored. \fBn\fR should
be a positive integer. The default is 30 days.
.IP "\fB\-set_serial n\fR" 4
.IX Item "-set_serial n"
Serial number to use when outputting a self signed certificate. This
may be specified as a decimal value or a hex value if preceded by \fB0x\fR.
.IP "\fB\-addext ext\fR" 4
.IX Item "-addext ext"
Add a specific extension to the certificate (if the \fB\-x509\fR option is
present) or certificate request. The argument must have the form of
a key=value pair as it would appear in a config file.
.Sp
This option can be given multiple times.
.IP "\fB\-extensions section\fR" 4
.IX Item "-extensions section"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-reqexts section\fR" 4
.IX Item "-reqexts section"
.PD
These options specify alternative sections to include certificate
extensions (if the \fB\-x509\fR option is present) or certificate
request extensions. This allows several different sections to
be used in the same configuration file to specify requests for
a variety of purposes.
.IP "\fB\-precert\fR" 4
.IX Item "-precert"
A poison extension will be added to the certificate, making it a
\&\*(L"pre-certificate\*(R" (see \s-1RFC6962\s0). This can be submitted to Certificate
Transparency logs in order to obtain signed certificate timestamps (SCTs).
These SCTs can then be embedded into the pre-certificate as an extension, before
removing the poison and signing the certificate.
.Sp
This implies the \fB\-new\fR flag.
.IP "\fB\-utf8\fR" 4
.IX Item "-utf8"
This option causes field values to be interpreted as \s-1UTF8\s0 strings, by
default they are interpreted as \s-1ASCII.\s0 This means that the field
values, whether prompted from a terminal or obtained from a
configuration file, must be valid \s-1UTF8\s0 strings.
.IP "\fB\-nameopt option\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nameopt option"
Option which determines how the subject or issuer names are displayed. The
\&\fBoption\fR argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by
commas. Alternatively the \fB\-nameopt\fR switch may be used more than once to
set multiple options. See the \fBx509\fR\|(1) manual page for details.
.IP "\fB\-reqopt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-reqopt"
Customise the output format used with \fB\-text\fR. The \fBoption\fR argument can be
a single option or multiple options separated by commas.
.Sp
See discussion of the \fB\-certopt\fR parameter in the \fBx509\fR\|(1)
command.
.IP "\fB\-newhdr\fR" 4
.IX Item "-newhdr"
Adds the word \fB\s-1NEW\s0\fR to the \s-1PEM\s0 file header and footer lines on the outputted
request. Some software (Netscape certificate server) and some CAs need this.
.IP "\fB\-batch\fR" 4
.IX Item "-batch"
Non-interactive mode.
.IP "\fB\-verbose\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verbose"
Print extra details about the operations being performed.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBreq\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.IP "\fB\-keygen_engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keygen_engine id"
Specifies an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) which would be used
for key generation operations.
.SH "CONFIGURATION FILE FORMAT"
.IX Header "CONFIGURATION FILE FORMAT"
The configuration options are specified in the \fBreq\fR section of
the configuration file. As with all configuration files if no
value is specified in the specific section (i.e. \fBreq\fR) then
the initial unnamed or \fBdefault\fR section is searched too.
.PP
The options available are described in detail below.
.IP "\fBinput_password output_password\fR" 4
.IX Item "input_password output_password"
The passwords for the input private key file (if present) and
the output private key file (if one will be created). The
command line options \fBpassin\fR and \fBpassout\fR override the
configuration file values.
.IP "\fBdefault_bits\fR" 4
.IX Item "default_bits"
Specifies the default key size in bits.
.Sp
This option is used in conjunction with the \fB\-new\fR option to generate
a new key. It can be overridden by specifying an explicit key size in
the \fB\-newkey\fR option. The smallest accepted key size is 512 bits. If
no key size is specified then 2048 bits is used.
.IP "\fBdefault_keyfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "default_keyfile"
This is the default filename to write a private key to. If not
specified the key is written to standard output. This can be
overridden by the \fB\-keyout\fR option.
.IP "\fBoid_file\fR" 4
.IX Item "oid_file"
This specifies a file containing additional \fB\s-1OBJECT IDENTIFIERS\s0\fR.
Each line of the file should consist of the numerical form of the
object identifier followed by white space then the short name followed
by white space and finally the long name.
.IP "\fBoid_section\fR" 4
.IX Item "oid_section"
This specifies a section in the configuration file containing extra
object identifiers. Each line should consist of the short name of the
object identifier followed by \fB=\fR and the numerical form. The short
and long names are the same when this option is used.
.IP "\fB\s-1RANDFILE\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "RANDFILE"
At startup the specified file is loaded into the random number generator,
and at exit 256 bytes will be written to it.
It is used for private key generation.
.IP "\fBencrypt_key\fR" 4
.IX Item "encrypt_key"
If this is set to \fBno\fR then if a private key is generated it is
\&\fBnot\fR encrypted. This is equivalent to the \fB\-nodes\fR command line
option. For compatibility \fBencrypt_rsa_key\fR is an equivalent option.
.IP "\fBdefault_md\fR" 4
.IX Item "default_md"
This option specifies the digest algorithm to use. Any digest supported by the
OpenSSL \fBdgst\fR command can be used. This option can be overridden on the
command line. Certain signing algorithms (i.e. Ed25519 and Ed448) will ignore
any digest that has been set.
.IP "\fBstring_mask\fR" 4
.IX Item "string_mask"
This option masks out the use of certain string types in certain
fields. Most users will not need to change this option.
.Sp
It can be set to several values \fBdefault\fR which is also the default
option uses PrintableStrings, T61Strings and BMPStrings if the
\&\fBpkix\fR value is used then only PrintableStrings and BMPStrings will
be used. This follows the \s-1PKIX\s0 recommendation in \s-1RFC2459.\s0 If the
\&\fButf8only\fR option is used then only UTF8Strings will be used: this
is the \s-1PKIX\s0 recommendation in \s-1RFC2459\s0 after 2003. Finally the \fBnombstr\fR
option just uses PrintableStrings and T61Strings: certain software has
problems with BMPStrings and UTF8Strings: in particular Netscape.
.IP "\fBreq_extensions\fR" 4
.IX Item "req_extensions"
This specifies the configuration file section containing a list of
extensions to add to the certificate request. It can be overridden
by the \fB\-reqexts\fR command line switch. See the
\&\fBx509v3_config\fR\|(5) manual page for details of the
extension section format.
.IP "\fBx509_extensions\fR" 4
.IX Item "x509_extensions"
This specifies the configuration file section containing a list of
extensions to add to certificate generated when the \fB\-x509\fR switch
is used. It can be overridden by the \fB\-extensions\fR command line switch.
.IP "\fBprompt\fR" 4
.IX Item "prompt"
If set to the value \fBno\fR this disables prompting of certificate fields
and just takes values from the config file directly. It also changes the
expected format of the \fBdistinguished_name\fR and \fBattributes\fR sections.
.IP "\fButf8\fR" 4
.IX Item "utf8"
If set to the value \fByes\fR then field values to be interpreted as \s-1UTF8\s0
strings, by default they are interpreted as \s-1ASCII.\s0 This means that
the field values, whether prompted from a terminal or obtained from a
configuration file, must be valid \s-1UTF8\s0 strings.
.IP "\fBattributes\fR" 4
.IX Item "attributes"
This specifies the section containing any request attributes: its format
is the same as \fBdistinguished_name\fR. Typically these may contain the
challengePassword or unstructuredName types. They are currently ignored
by OpenSSL's request signing utilities but some CAs might want them.
.IP "\fBdistinguished_name\fR" 4
.IX Item "distinguished_name"
This specifies the section containing the distinguished name fields to
prompt for when generating a certificate or certificate request. The format
is described in the next section.
.SH "DISTINGUISHED NAME AND ATTRIBUTE SECTION FORMAT"
.IX Header "DISTINGUISHED NAME AND ATTRIBUTE SECTION FORMAT"
There are two separate formats for the distinguished name and attribute
sections. If the \fBprompt\fR option is set to \fBno\fR then these sections
just consist of field names and values: for example,
.PP
.Vb 3
\& CN=My Name
\& OU=My Organization
\& emailAddress=someone@somewhere.org
.Ve
.PP
This allows external programs (e.g. \s-1GUI\s0 based) to generate a template file
with all the field names and values and just pass it to \fBreq\fR. An example
of this kind of configuration file is contained in the \fB\s-1EXAMPLES\s0\fR section.
.PP
Alternatively if the \fBprompt\fR option is absent or not set to \fBno\fR then the
file contains field prompting information. It consists of lines of the form:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& fieldName="prompt"
\& fieldName_default="default field value"
\& fieldName_min= 2
\& fieldName_max= 4
.Ve
.PP
\&\*(L"fieldName\*(R" is the field name being used, for example commonName (or \s-1CN\s0).
The \*(L"prompt\*(R" string is used to ask the user to enter the relevant
details. If the user enters nothing then the default value is used if no
default value is present then the field is omitted. A field can
still be omitted if a default value is present if the user just
enters the '.' character.
.PP
The number of characters entered must be between the fieldName_min and
fieldName_max limits: there may be additional restrictions based
on the field being used (for example countryName can only ever be
two characters long and must fit in a PrintableString).
.PP
Some fields (such as organizationName) can be used more than once
in a \s-1DN.\s0 This presents a problem because configuration files will
not recognize the same name occurring twice. To avoid this problem
if the fieldName contains some characters followed by a full stop
they will be ignored. So for example a second organizationName can
be input by calling it \*(L"1.organizationName\*(R".
.PP
The actual permitted field names are any object identifier short or
long names. These are compiled into OpenSSL and include the usual
values such as commonName, countryName, localityName, organizationName,
organizationalUnitName, stateOrProvinceName. Additionally emailAddress
is included as well as name, surname, givenName, initials, and dnQualifier.
.PP
Additional object identifiers can be defined with the \fBoid_file\fR or
\&\fBoid_section\fR options in the configuration file. Any additional fields
will be treated as though they were a DirectoryString.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Examine and verify certificate request:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl req \-in req.pem \-text \-verify \-noout
.Ve
.PP
Create a private key and then generate a certificate request from it:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl genrsa \-out key.pem 2048
\& openssl req \-new \-key key.pem \-out req.pem
.Ve
.PP
The same but just using req:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl req \-newkey rsa:2048 \-keyout key.pem \-out req.pem
.Ve
.PP
Generate a self signed root certificate:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl req \-x509 \-newkey rsa:2048 \-keyout key.pem \-out req.pem
.Ve
.PP
Example of a file pointed to by the \fBoid_file\fR option:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& 1.2.3.4 shortName A longer Name
\& 1.2.3.6 otherName Other longer Name
.Ve
.PP
Example of a section pointed to by \fBoid_section\fR making use of variable
expansion:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& testoid1=1.2.3.5
\& testoid2=${testoid1}.6
.Ve
.PP
Sample configuration file prompting for field values:
.PP
.Vb 6
\& [ req ]
\& default_bits = 2048
\& default_keyfile = privkey.pem
\& distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
\& attributes = req_attributes
\& req_extensions = v3_ca
\&
\& dirstring_type = nobmp
\&
\& [ req_distinguished_name ]
\& countryName = Country Name (2 letter code)
\& countryName_default = AU
\& countryName_min = 2
\& countryName_max = 2
\&
\& localityName = Locality Name (eg, city)
\&
\& organizationalUnitName = Organizational Unit Name (eg, section)
\&
\& commonName = Common Name (eg, YOUR name)
\& commonName_max = 64
\&
\& emailAddress = Email Address
\& emailAddress_max = 40
\&
\& [ req_attributes ]
\& challengePassword = A challenge password
\& challengePassword_min = 4
\& challengePassword_max = 20
\&
\& [ v3_ca ]
\&
\& subjectKeyIdentifier=hash
\& authorityKeyIdentifier=keyid:always,issuer:always
\& basicConstraints = critical, CA:true
.Ve
.PP
Sample configuration containing all field values:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& RANDFILE = $ENV::HOME/.rnd
\&
\& [ req ]
\& default_bits = 2048
\& default_keyfile = keyfile.pem
\& distinguished_name = req_distinguished_name
\& attributes = req_attributes
\& prompt = no
\& output_password = mypass
\&
\& [ req_distinguished_name ]
\& C = GB
\& ST = Test State or Province
\& L = Test Locality
\& O = Organization Name
\& OU = Organizational Unit Name
\& CN = Common Name
\& emailAddress = test@email.address
\&
\& [ req_attributes ]
\& challengePassword = A challenge password
.Ve
.PP
Example of giving the most common attributes (subject and extensions)
on the command line:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& openssl req \-new \-subj "/C=GB/CN=foo" \e
\& \-addext "subjectAltName = DNS:foo.co.uk" \e
\& \-addext "certificatePolicies = 1.2.3.4" \e
\& \-newkey rsa:2048 \-keyout key.pem \-out req.pem
.Ve
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The header and footer lines in the \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR format are normally:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END CERTIFICATE REQUEST\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
some software (some versions of Netscape certificate server) instead needs:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END NEW CERTIFICATE REQUEST\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
which is produced with the \fB\-newhdr\fR option but is otherwise compatible.
Either form is accepted transparently on input.
.PP
The certificate requests generated by \fBXenroll\fR with \s-1MSIE\s0 have extensions
added. It includes the \fBkeyUsage\fR extension which determines the type of
key (signature only or general purpose) and any additional OIDs entered
by the script in an extendedKeyUsage extension.
.SH "DIAGNOSTICS"
.IX Header "DIAGNOSTICS"
The following messages are frequently asked about:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& Using configuration from /some/path/openssl.cnf
\& Unable to load config info
.Ve
.PP
This is followed some time later by...
.PP
.Vb 2
\& unable to find \*(Aqdistinguished_name\*(Aq in config
\& problems making Certificate Request
.Ve
.PP
The first error message is the clue: it can't find the configuration
file! Certain operations (like examining a certificate request) don't
need a configuration file so its use isn't enforced. Generation of
certificates or requests however does need a configuration file. This
could be regarded as a bug.
.PP
Another puzzling message is this:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& Attributes:
\& a0:00
.Ve
.PP
this is displayed when no attributes are present and the request includes
the correct empty \fB\s-1SET OF\s0\fR structure (the \s-1DER\s0 encoding of which is 0xa0
0x00). If you just see:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& Attributes:
.Ve
.PP
then the \fB\s-1SET OF\s0\fR is missing and the encoding is technically invalid (but
it is tolerated). See the description of the command line option \fB\-asn1\-kludge\fR
for more information.
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
OpenSSL's handling of T61Strings (aka TeletexStrings) is broken: it effectively
treats them as \s-1ISO\-8859\-1\s0 (Latin 1), Netscape and \s-1MSIE\s0 have similar behaviour.
This can cause problems if you need characters that aren't available in
PrintableStrings and you don't want to or can't use BMPStrings.
.PP
As a consequence of the T61String handling the only correct way to represent
accented characters in OpenSSL is to use a BMPString: unfortunately Netscape
currently chokes on these. If you have to use accented characters with Netscape
and \s-1MSIE\s0 then you currently need to use the invalid T61String form.
.PP
The current prompting is not very friendly. It doesn't allow you to confirm what
you've just entered. Other things like extensions in certificate requests are
statically defined in the configuration file. Some of these: like an email
address in subjectAltName should be input by the user.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBx509\fR\|(1), \fBca\fR\|(1), \fBgenrsa\fR\|(1),
\&\fBgendsa\fR\|(1), \fBconfig\fR\|(5),
\&\fBx509v3_config\fR\|(5)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "RSA 1"
.TH RSA 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-rsa, rsa \- RSA key processing tool
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBrsa\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-passout arg\fR]
[\fB\-aes128\fR]
[\fB\-aes192\fR]
[\fB\-aes256\fR]
[\fB\-aria128\fR]
[\fB\-aria192\fR]
[\fB\-aria256\fR]
[\fB\-camellia128\fR]
[\fB\-camellia192\fR]
[\fB\-camellia256\fR]
[\fB\-des\fR]
[\fB\-des3\fR]
[\fB\-idea\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-modulus\fR]
[\fB\-check\fR]
[\fB\-pubin\fR]
[\fB\-pubout\fR]
[\fB\-RSAPublicKey_in\fR]
[\fB\-RSAPublicKey_out\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBrsa\fR command processes \s-1RSA\s0 keys. They can be converted between various
forms and their components printed out. \fBNote\fR this command uses the
traditional SSLeay compatible format for private key encryption: newer
applications should use the more secure PKCS#8 format using the \fBpkcs8\fR
utility.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform DER|PEM"
This specifies the input format. The \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR option uses an \s-1ASN1 DER\s0 encoded
form compatible with the PKCS#1 RSAPrivateKey or SubjectPublicKeyInfo format.
The \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR form is the default format: it consists of the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR format base64
encoded with additional header and footer lines. On input PKCS#8 format private
keys are also accepted.
.IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform DER|PEM"
This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning and default
as the \fB\-inform\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this
option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be
prompted for.
.IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passin arg"
The input file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output if this
option is not specified. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase
will be prompted for. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same as the input
filename.
.IP "\fB\-passout password\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passout password"
The output file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-aes128\fR, \fB\-aes192\fR, \fB\-aes256\fR, \fB\-aria128\fR, \fB\-aria192\fR, \fB\-aria256\fR, \fB\-camellia128\fR, \fB\-camellia192\fR, \fB\-camellia256\fR, \fB\-des\fR, \fB\-des3\fR, \fB\-idea\fR" 4
.IX Item "-aes128, -aes192, -aes256, -aria128, -aria192, -aria256, -camellia128, -camellia192, -camellia256, -des, -des3, -idea"
These options encrypt the private key with the specified
cipher before outputting it. A pass phrase is prompted for.
If none of these options is specified the key is written in plain text. This
means that using the \fBrsa\fR utility to read in an encrypted key with no
encryption option can be used to remove the pass phrase from a key, or by
setting the encryption options it can be use to add or change the pass phrase.
These options can only be used with \s-1PEM\s0 format output files.
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
Prints out the various public or private key components in
plain text in addition to the encoded version.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
This option prevents output of the encoded version of the key.
.IP "\fB\-modulus\fR" 4
.IX Item "-modulus"
This option prints out the value of the modulus of the key.
.IP "\fB\-check\fR" 4
.IX Item "-check"
This option checks the consistency of an \s-1RSA\s0 private key.
.IP "\fB\-pubin\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pubin"
By default a private key is read from the input file: with this
option a public key is read instead.
.IP "\fB\-pubout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pubout"
By default a private key is output: with this option a public
key will be output instead. This option is automatically set if
the input is a public key.
.IP "\fB\-RSAPublicKey_in\fR, \fB\-RSAPublicKey_out\fR" 4
.IX Item "-RSAPublicKey_in, -RSAPublicKey_out"
Like \fB\-pubin\fR and \fB\-pubout\fR except \fBRSAPublicKey\fR format is used instead.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBrsa\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The \s-1PEM\s0 private key format uses the header and footer lines:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END RSA PRIVATE KEY\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
The \s-1PEM\s0 public key format uses the header and footer lines:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN PUBLIC KEY\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END PUBLIC KEY\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
The \s-1PEM\s0 \fBRSAPublicKey\fR format uses the header and footer lines:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN RSA PUBLIC KEY\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END RSA PUBLIC KEY\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
To remove the pass phrase on an \s-1RSA\s0 private key:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl rsa \-in key.pem \-out keyout.pem
.Ve
.PP
To encrypt a private key using triple \s-1DES:\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl rsa \-in key.pem \-des3 \-out keyout.pem
.Ve
.PP
To convert a private key from \s-1PEM\s0 to \s-1DER\s0 format:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl rsa \-in key.pem \-outform DER \-out keyout.der
.Ve
.PP
To print out the components of a private key to standard output:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl rsa \-in key.pem \-text \-noout
.Ve
.PP
To just output the public part of a private key:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl rsa \-in key.pem \-pubout \-out pubkey.pem
.Ve
.PP
Output the public part of a private key in \fBRSAPublicKey\fR format:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl rsa \-in key.pem \-RSAPublicKey_out \-out pubkey.pem
.Ve
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
There should be an option that automatically handles .key files,
without having to manually edit them.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBpkcs8\fR\|(1), \fBdsa\fR\|(1), \fBgenrsa\fR\|(1),
\&\fBgendsa\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\"
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.\" ========================================================================
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
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.if n .sp
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.nf
.ne \\$1
..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will
.\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
.ie n \{\
. ds -- \(*W-
. ds PI pi
. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch
. ds L" ""
. ds R" ""
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'br\}
.el\{\
. ds -- \|\(em\|
. ds PI \(*p
. ds L" ``
. ds R" ''
. ds C`
. ds C'
'br\}
.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
. if \nF \{\
. de IX
. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
..
. if !\nF==2 \{\
. nr % 0
. nr F 2
. \}
. \}
.\}
.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
. ds #H 0
. ds #V .8m
. ds #F .3m
. ds #[ \f1
. ds #] \fP
.\}
.if t \{\
. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
. ds #V .6m
. ds #F 0
. ds #[ \&
. ds #] \&
.\}
. \" simple accents for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
. ds ' \&
. ds ` \&
. ds ^ \&
. ds , \&
. ds ~ ~
. ds /
.\}
.if t \{\
. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
.\}
. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H'
.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H'
.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u'
.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]
.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
. \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
. ds : e
. ds 8 ss
. ds o a
. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
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. ds th \o'bp'
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "RSAUTL 1"
.TH RSAUTL 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-rsautl, rsautl \- RSA utility
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBrsautl\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-in file\fR]
[\fB\-out file\fR]
[\fB\-inkey file\fR]
[\fB\-keyform PEM|DER|ENGINE\fR]
[\fB\-pubin\fR]
[\fB\-certin\fR]
[\fB\-sign\fR]
[\fB\-verify\fR]
[\fB\-encrypt\fR]
[\fB\-decrypt\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-pkcs\fR]
[\fB\-ssl\fR]
[\fB\-raw\fR]
[\fB\-hexdump\fR]
[\fB\-asn1parse\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBrsautl\fR command can be used to sign, verify, encrypt and decrypt
data using the \s-1RSA\s0 algorithm.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read data from or standard input
if this option is not specified.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
Specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by
default.
.IP "\fB\-inkey file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inkey file"
The input key file, by default it should be an \s-1RSA\s0 private key.
.IP "\fB\-keyform PEM|DER|ENGINE\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keyform PEM|DER|ENGINE"
The key format \s-1PEM, DER\s0 or \s-1ENGINE.\s0
.IP "\fB\-pubin\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pubin"
The input file is an \s-1RSA\s0 public key.
.IP "\fB\-certin\fR" 4
.IX Item "-certin"
The input is a certificate containing an \s-1RSA\s0 public key.
.IP "\fB\-sign\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sign"
Sign the input data and output the signed result. This requires
an \s-1RSA\s0 private key.
.IP "\fB\-verify\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify"
Verify the input data and output the recovered data.
.IP "\fB\-encrypt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-encrypt"
Encrypt the input data using an \s-1RSA\s0 public key.
.IP "\fB\-decrypt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-decrypt"
Decrypt the input data using an \s-1RSA\s0 private key.
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fB\-pkcs, \-oaep, \-ssl, \-raw\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pkcs, -oaep, -ssl, -raw"
The padding to use: PKCS#1 v1.5 (the default), PKCS#1 \s-1OAEP,\s0
special padding used in \s-1SSL\s0 v2 backwards compatible handshakes,
or no padding, respectively.
For signatures, only \fB\-pkcs\fR and \fB\-raw\fR can be used.
.IP "\fB\-hexdump\fR" 4
.IX Item "-hexdump"
Hex dump the output data.
.IP "\fB\-asn1parse\fR" 4
.IX Item "-asn1parse"
Parse the \s-1ASN.1\s0 output data, this is useful when combined with the
\&\fB\-verify\fR option.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
\&\fBrsautl\fR because it uses the \s-1RSA\s0 algorithm directly can only be
used to sign or verify small pieces of data.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Sign some data using a private key:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl rsautl \-sign \-in file \-inkey key.pem \-out sig
.Ve
.PP
Recover the signed data
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl rsautl \-verify \-in sig \-inkey key.pem
.Ve
.PP
Examine the raw signed data:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl rsautl \-verify \-in sig \-inkey key.pem \-raw \-hexdump
\&
\& 0000 \- 00 01 ff ff ff ff ff ff\-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
\& 0010 \- ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff\-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
\& 0020 \- ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff\-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
\& 0030 \- ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff\-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
\& 0040 \- ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff\-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
\& 0050 \- ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff\-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
\& 0060 \- ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff\-ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ................
\& 0070 \- ff ff ff ff 00 68 65 6c\-6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 .....hello world
.Ve
.PP
The PKCS#1 block formatting is evident from this. If this was done using
encrypt and decrypt the block would have been of type 2 (the second byte)
and random padding data visible instead of the 0xff bytes.
.PP
It is possible to analyse the signature of certificates using this
utility in conjunction with \fBasn1parse\fR. Consider the self signed
example in certs/pca\-cert.pem . Running \fBasn1parse\fR as follows yields:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl asn1parse \-in pca\-cert.pem
\&
\& 0:d=0 hl=4 l= 742 cons: SEQUENCE
\& 4:d=1 hl=4 l= 591 cons: SEQUENCE
\& 8:d=2 hl=2 l= 3 cons: cont [ 0 ]
\& 10:d=3 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :02
\& 13:d=2 hl=2 l= 1 prim: INTEGER :00
\& 16:d=2 hl=2 l= 13 cons: SEQUENCE
\& 18:d=3 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :md5WithRSAEncryption
\& 29:d=3 hl=2 l= 0 prim: NULL
\& 31:d=2 hl=2 l= 92 cons: SEQUENCE
\& 33:d=3 hl=2 l= 11 cons: SET
\& 35:d=4 hl=2 l= 9 cons: SEQUENCE
\& 37:d=5 hl=2 l= 3 prim: OBJECT :countryName
\& 42:d=5 hl=2 l= 2 prim: PRINTABLESTRING :AU
\& ....
\& 599:d=1 hl=2 l= 13 cons: SEQUENCE
\& 601:d=2 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :md5WithRSAEncryption
\& 612:d=2 hl=2 l= 0 prim: NULL
\& 614:d=1 hl=3 l= 129 prim: BIT STRING
.Ve
.PP
The final \s-1BIT STRING\s0 contains the actual signature. It can be extracted with:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl asn1parse \-in pca\-cert.pem \-out sig \-noout \-strparse 614
.Ve
.PP
The certificate public key can be extracted with:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl x509 \-in test/testx509.pem \-pubkey \-noout >pubkey.pem
.Ve
.PP
The signature can be analysed with:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl rsautl \-in sig \-verify \-asn1parse \-inkey pubkey.pem \-pubin
\&
\& 0:d=0 hl=2 l= 32 cons: SEQUENCE
\& 2:d=1 hl=2 l= 12 cons: SEQUENCE
\& 4:d=2 hl=2 l= 8 prim: OBJECT :md5
\& 14:d=2 hl=2 l= 0 prim: NULL
\& 16:d=1 hl=2 l= 16 prim: OCTET STRING
\& 0000 \- f3 46 9e aa 1a 4a 73 c9\-37 ea 93 00 48 25 08 b5 .F...Js.7...H%..
.Ve
.PP
This is the parsed version of an \s-1ASN1\s0 DigestInfo structure. It can be seen that
the digest used was md5. The actual part of the certificate that was signed can
be extracted with:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl asn1parse \-in pca\-cert.pem \-out tbs \-noout \-strparse 4
.Ve
.PP
and its digest computed with:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl md5 \-c tbs
\& MD5(tbs)= f3:46:9e:aa:1a:4a:73:c9:37:ea:93:00:48:25:08:b5
.Ve
.PP
which it can be seen agrees with the recovered value above.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBdgst\fR\|(1), \fBrsa\fR\|(1), \fBgenrsa\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2017 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

863
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@ -0,0 +1,863 @@
.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
.\" Standard preamble:
.\" ========================================================================
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will
.\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
.ie n \{\
. ds -- \(*W-
. ds PI pi
. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch
. ds L" ""
. ds R" ""
. ds C` ""
. ds C' ""
'br\}
.el\{\
. ds -- \|\(em\|
. ds PI \(*p
. ds L" ``
. ds R" ''
. ds C`
. ds C'
'br\}
.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
. if \nF \{\
. de IX
. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
..
. if !\nF==2 \{\
. nr % 0
. nr F 2
. \}
. \}
.\}
.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
. ds #H 0
. ds #V .8m
. ds #F .3m
. ds #[ \f1
. ds #] \fP
.\}
.if t \{\
. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
. ds #V .6m
. ds #F 0
. ds #[ \&
. ds #] \&
.\}
. \" simple accents for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
. ds ' \&
. ds ` \&
. ds ^ \&
. ds , \&
. ds ~ ~
. ds /
.\}
.if t \{\
. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
.\}
. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H'
.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H'
.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u'
.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]
.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
. \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
. ds : e
. ds 8 ss
. ds o a
. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
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. ds th \o'bp'
. ds Th \o'LP'
. ds ae ae
. ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "S_CLIENT 1"
.TH S_CLIENT 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-s_client, s_client \- SSL/TLS client program
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBs_client\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-connect host:port\fR]
[\fB\-bind host:port\fR]
[\fB\-proxy host:port\fR]
[\fB\-unix path\fR]
[\fB\-4\fR]
[\fB\-6\fR]
[\fB\-servername name\fR]
[\fB\-noservername\fR]
[\fB\-verify depth\fR]
[\fB\-verify_return_error\fR]
[\fB\-cert filename\fR]
[\fB\-certform DER|PEM\fR]
[\fB\-key filename\fR]
[\fB\-keyform DER|PEM\fR]
[\fB\-cert_chain filename\fR]
[\fB\-build_chain\fR]
[\fB\-xkey\fR]
[\fB\-xcert\fR]
[\fB\-xchain\fR]
[\fB\-xchain_build\fR]
[\fB\-xcertform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-xkeyform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-pass arg\fR]
[\fB\-CApath directory\fR]
[\fB\-CAfile filename\fR]
[\fB\-chainCApath directory\fR]
[\fB\-chainCAfile filename\fR]
[\fB\-no\-CAfile\fR]
[\fB\-no\-CApath\fR]
[\fB\-requestCAfile filename\fR]
[\fB\-dane_tlsa_domain domain\fR]
[\fB\-dane_tlsa_rrdata rrdata\fR]
[\fB\-dane_ee_no_namechecks\fR]
[\fB\-attime timestamp\fR]
[\fB\-check_ss_sig\fR]
[\fB\-crl_check\fR]
[\fB\-crl_check_all\fR]
[\fB\-explicit_policy\fR]
[\fB\-extended_crl\fR]
[\fB\-ignore_critical\fR]
[\fB\-inhibit_any\fR]
[\fB\-inhibit_map\fR]
[\fB\-no_check_time\fR]
[\fB\-partial_chain\fR]
[\fB\-policy arg\fR]
[\fB\-policy_check\fR]
[\fB\-policy_print\fR]
[\fB\-purpose purpose\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_128\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_128_only\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_192\fR]
[\fB\-trusted_first\fR]
[\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR]
[\fB\-use_deltas\fR]
[\fB\-auth_level num\fR]
[\fB\-nameopt option\fR]
[\fB\-verify_depth num\fR]
[\fB\-verify_email email\fR]
[\fB\-verify_hostname hostname\fR]
[\fB\-verify_ip ip\fR]
[\fB\-verify_name name\fR]
[\fB\-build_chain\fR]
[\fB\-x509_strict\fR]
[\fB\-reconnect\fR]
[\fB\-showcerts\fR]
[\fB\-debug\fR]
[\fB\-msg\fR]
[\fB\-nbio_test\fR]
[\fB\-state\fR]
[\fB\-nbio\fR]
[\fB\-crlf\fR]
[\fB\-ign_eof\fR]
[\fB\-no_ign_eof\fR]
[\fB\-psk_identity identity\fR]
[\fB\-psk key\fR]
[\fB\-psk_session file\fR]
[\fB\-quiet\fR]
[\fB\-ssl3\fR]
[\fB\-tls1\fR]
[\fB\-tls1_1\fR]
[\fB\-tls1_2\fR]
[\fB\-tls1_3\fR]
[\fB\-no_ssl3\fR]
[\fB\-no_tls1\fR]
[\fB\-no_tls1_1\fR]
[\fB\-no_tls1_2\fR]
[\fB\-no_tls1_3\fR]
[\fB\-dtls\fR]
[\fB\-dtls1\fR]
[\fB\-dtls1_2\fR]
[\fB\-sctp\fR]
[\fB\-sctp_label_bug\fR]
[\fB\-fallback_scsv\fR]
[\fB\-async\fR]
[\fB\-max_send_frag\fR]
[\fB\-split_send_frag\fR]
[\fB\-max_pipelines\fR]
[\fB\-read_buf\fR]
[\fB\-bugs\fR]
[\fB\-comp\fR]
[\fB\-no_comp\fR]
[\fB\-allow_no_dhe_kex\fR]
[\fB\-sigalgs sigalglist\fR]
[\fB\-curves curvelist\fR]
[\fB\-cipher cipherlist\fR]
[\fB\-ciphersuites val\fR]
[\fB\-serverpref\fR]
[\fB\-starttls protocol\fR]
[\fB\-xmpphost hostname\fR]
[\fB\-name hostname\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fB\-tlsextdebug\fR]
[\fB\-no_ticket\fR]
[\fB\-sess_out filename\fR]
[\fB\-sess_in filename\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-serverinfo types\fR]
[\fB\-status\fR]
[\fB\-alpn protocols\fR]
[\fB\-nextprotoneg protocols\fR]
[\fB\-ct\fR]
[\fB\-noct\fR]
[\fB\-ctlogfile\fR]
[\fB\-keylogfile file\fR]
[\fB\-early_data file\fR]
[\fB\-enable_pha\fR]
[\fBtarget\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBs_client\fR command implements a generic \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 client which connects
to a remote host using \s-1SSL/TLS.\s0 It is a \fIvery\fR useful diagnostic tool for
\&\s-1SSL\s0 servers.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
In addition to the options below the \fBs_client\fR utility also supports the
common and client only options documented
in the \*(L"Supported Command Line Commands\*(R" section of the \fBSSL_CONF_cmd\fR\|(3)
manual page.
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-connect host:port\fR" 4
.IX Item "-connect host:port"
This specifies the host and optional port to connect to. It is possible to
select the host and port using the optional target positional argument instead.
If neither this nor the target positional argument are specified then an attempt
is made to connect to the local host on port 4433.
.IP "\fB\-bind host:port\fR]" 4
.IX Item "-bind host:port]"
This specifies the host address and or port to bind as the source for the
connection. For Unix-domain sockets the port is ignored and the host is
used as the source socket address.
.IP "\fB\-proxy host:port\fR" 4
.IX Item "-proxy host:port"
When used with the \fB\-connect\fR flag, the program uses the host and port
specified with this flag and issues an \s-1HTTP CONNECT\s0 command to connect
to the desired server.
.IP "\fB\-unix path\fR" 4
.IX Item "-unix path"
Connect over the specified Unix-domain socket.
.IP "\fB\-4\fR" 4
.IX Item "-4"
Use IPv4 only.
.IP "\fB\-6\fR" 4
.IX Item "-6"
Use IPv6 only.
.IP "\fB\-servername name\fR" 4
.IX Item "-servername name"
Set the \s-1TLS SNI\s0 (Server Name Indication) extension in the ClientHello message to
the given value.
If \fB\-servername\fR is not provided, the \s-1TLS SNI\s0 extension will be populated with
the name given to \fB\-connect\fR if it follows a \s-1DNS\s0 name format. If \fB\-connect\fR is
not provided either, the \s-1SNI\s0 is set to \*(L"localhost\*(R".
This is the default since OpenSSL 1.1.1.
.Sp
Even though \s-1SNI\s0 should normally be a \s-1DNS\s0 name and not an \s-1IP\s0 address, if
\&\fB\-servername\fR is provided then that name will be sent, regardless of whether
it is a \s-1DNS\s0 name or not.
.Sp
This option cannot be used in conjunction with \fB\-noservername\fR.
.IP "\fB\-noservername\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noservername"
Suppresses sending of the \s-1SNI\s0 (Server Name Indication) extension in the
ClientHello message. Cannot be used in conjunction with the \fB\-servername\fR or
<\-dane_tlsa_domain> options.
.IP "\fB\-cert certname\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cert certname"
The certificate to use, if one is requested by the server. The default is
not to use a certificate.
.IP "\fB\-certform format\fR" 4
.IX Item "-certform format"
The certificate format to use: \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM. PEM\s0 is the default.
.IP "\fB\-key keyfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-key keyfile"
The private key to use. If not specified then the certificate file will
be used.
.IP "\fB\-keyform format\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keyform format"
The private format to use: \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM. PEM\s0 is the default.
.IP "\fB\-cert_chain\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cert_chain"
A file containing trusted certificates to use when attempting to build the
client/server certificate chain related to the certificate specified via the
\&\fB\-cert\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-build_chain\fR" 4
.IX Item "-build_chain"
Specify whether the application should build the certificate chain to be
provided to the server.
.IP "\fB\-xkey infile\fR, \fB\-xcert infile\fR, \fB\-xchain\fR" 4
.IX Item "-xkey infile, -xcert infile, -xchain"
Specify an extra certificate, private key and certificate chain. These behave
in the same manner as the \fB\-cert\fR, \fB\-key\fR and \fB\-cert_chain\fR options. When
specified, the callback returning the first valid chain will be in use by the
client.
.IP "\fB\-xchain_build\fR" 4
.IX Item "-xchain_build"
Specify whether the application should build the certificate chain to be
provided to the server for the extra certificates provided via \fB\-xkey infile\fR,
\&\fB\-xcert infile\fR, \fB\-xchain\fR options.
.IP "\fB\-xcertform PEM|DER\fR, \fB\-xkeyform PEM|DER\fR" 4
.IX Item "-xcertform PEM|DER, -xkeyform PEM|DER"
Extra certificate and private key format respectively.
.IP "\fB\-pass arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pass arg"
the private key password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-verify depth\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify depth"
The verify depth to use. This specifies the maximum length of the
server certificate chain and turns on server certificate verification.
Currently the verify operation continues after errors so all the problems
with a certificate chain can be seen. As a side effect the connection
will never fail due to a server certificate verify failure.
.IP "\fB\-verify_return_error\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify_return_error"
Return verification errors instead of continuing. This will typically
abort the handshake with a fatal error.
.IP "\fB\-nameopt option\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nameopt option"
Option which determines how the subject or issuer names are displayed. The
\&\fBoption\fR argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by
commas. Alternatively the \fB\-nameopt\fR switch may be used more than once to
set multiple options. See the \fBx509\fR\|(1) manual page for details.
.IP "\fB\-CApath directory\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CApath directory"
The directory to use for server certificate verification. This directory
must be in \*(L"hash format\*(R", see \fBverify\fR\|(1) for more information. These are
also used when building the client certificate chain.
.IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CAfile file"
A file containing trusted certificates to use during server authentication
and to use when attempting to build the client certificate chain.
.IP "\fB\-chainCApath directory\fR" 4
.IX Item "-chainCApath directory"
The directory to use for building the chain provided to the server. This
directory must be in \*(L"hash format\*(R", see \fBverify\fR\|(1) for more information.
.IP "\fB\-chainCAfile file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-chainCAfile file"
A file containing trusted certificates to use when attempting to build the
client certificate chain.
.IP "\fB\-no\-CAfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no-CAfile"
Do not load the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates from the default file location
.IP "\fB\-no\-CApath\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no-CApath"
Do not load the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates from the default directory location
.IP "\fB\-requestCAfile file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-requestCAfile file"
A file containing a list of certificates whose subject names will be sent
to the server in the \fBcertificate_authorities\fR extension. Only supported
for \s-1TLS 1.3\s0
.IP "\fB\-dane_tlsa_domain domain\fR" 4
.IX Item "-dane_tlsa_domain domain"
Enable \s-1RFC6698/RFC7671 DANE TLSA\s0 authentication and specify the
\&\s-1TLSA\s0 base domain which becomes the default \s-1SNI\s0 hint and the primary
reference identifier for hostname checks. This must be used in
combination with at least one instance of the \fB\-dane_tlsa_rrdata\fR
option below.
.Sp
When \s-1DANE\s0 authentication succeeds, the diagnostic output will include
the lowest (closest to 0) depth at which a \s-1TLSA\s0 record authenticated
a chain certificate. When that \s-1TLSA\s0 record is a \*(L"2 1 0\*(R" trust
anchor public key that signed (rather than matched) the top-most
certificate of the chain, the result is reported as \*(L"\s-1TA\s0 public key
verified\*(R". Otherwise, either the \s-1TLSA\s0 record \*(L"matched \s-1TA\s0 certificate\*(R"
at a positive depth or else \*(L"matched \s-1EE\s0 certificate\*(R" at depth 0.
.IP "\fB\-dane_tlsa_rrdata rrdata\fR" 4
.IX Item "-dane_tlsa_rrdata rrdata"
Use one or more times to specify the \s-1RRDATA\s0 fields of the \s-1DANE TLSA\s0
RRset associated with the target service. The \fBrrdata\fR value is
specified in \*(L"presentation form\*(R", that is four whitespace separated
fields that specify the usage, selector, matching type and associated
data, with the last of these encoded in hexadecimal. Optional
whitespace is ignored in the associated data field. For example:
.Sp
.Vb 12
\& $ openssl s_client \-brief \-starttls smtp \e
\& \-connect smtp.example.com:25 \e
\& \-dane_tlsa_domain smtp.example.com \e
\& \-dane_tlsa_rrdata "2 1 1
\& B111DD8A1C2091A89BD4FD60C57F0716CCE50FEEFF8137CDBEE0326E 02CF362B" \e
\& \-dane_tlsa_rrdata "2 1 1
\& 60B87575447DCBA2A36B7D11AC09FB24A9DB406FEE12D2CC90180517 616E8A18"
\& ...
\& Verification: OK
\& Verified peername: smtp.example.com
\& DANE TLSA 2 1 1 ...ee12d2cc90180517616e8a18 matched TA certificate at depth 1
\& ...
.Ve
.IP "\fB\-dane_ee_no_namechecks\fR" 4
.IX Item "-dane_ee_no_namechecks"
This disables server name checks when authenticating via \s-1\fBDANE\-EE\s0\fR\|(3) \s-1TLSA\s0
records.
For some applications, primarily web browsers, it is not safe to disable name
checks due to \*(L"unknown key share\*(R" attacks, in which a malicious server can
convince a client that a connection to a victim server is instead a secure
connection to the malicious server.
The malicious server may then be able to violate cross-origin scripting
restrictions.
Thus, despite the text of \s-1RFC7671,\s0 name checks are by default enabled for
\&\s-1\fBDANE\-EE\s0\fR\|(3) \s-1TLSA\s0 records, and can be disabled in applications where it is safe
to do so.
In particular, \s-1SMTP\s0 and \s-1XMPP\s0 clients should set this option as \s-1SRV\s0 and \s-1MX\s0
records already make it possible for a remote domain to redirect client
connections to any server of its choice, and in any case \s-1SMTP\s0 and \s-1XMPP\s0 clients
do not execute scripts downloaded from remote servers.
.IP "\fB\-attime\fR, \fB\-check_ss_sig\fR, \fB\-crl_check\fR, \fB\-crl_check_all\fR, \fB\-explicit_policy\fR, \fB\-extended_crl\fR, \fB\-ignore_critical\fR, \fB\-inhibit_any\fR, \fB\-inhibit_map\fR, \fB\-no_alt_chains\fR, \fB\-no_check_time\fR, \fB\-partial_chain\fR, \fB\-policy\fR, \fB\-policy_check\fR, \fB\-policy_print\fR, \fB\-purpose\fR, \fB\-suiteB_128\fR, \fB\-suiteB_128_only\fR, \fB\-suiteB_192\fR, \fB\-trusted_first\fR, \fB\-use_deltas\fR, \fB\-auth_level\fR, \fB\-verify_depth\fR, \fB\-verify_email\fR, \fB\-verify_hostname\fR, \fB\-verify_ip\fR, \fB\-verify_name\fR, \fB\-x509_strict\fR" 4
.IX Item "-attime, -check_ss_sig, -crl_check, -crl_check_all, -explicit_policy, -extended_crl, -ignore_critical, -inhibit_any, -inhibit_map, -no_alt_chains, -no_check_time, -partial_chain, -policy, -policy_check, -policy_print, -purpose, -suiteB_128, -suiteB_128_only, -suiteB_192, -trusted_first, -use_deltas, -auth_level, -verify_depth, -verify_email, -verify_hostname, -verify_ip, -verify_name, -x509_strict"
Set various certificate chain validation options. See the
\&\fBverify\fR\|(1) manual page for details.
.IP "\fB\-reconnect\fR" 4
.IX Item "-reconnect"
Reconnects to the same server 5 times using the same session \s-1ID,\s0 this can
be used as a test that session caching is working.
.IP "\fB\-showcerts\fR" 4
.IX Item "-showcerts"
Displays the server certificate list as sent by the server: it only consists of
certificates the server has sent (in the order the server has sent them). It is
\&\fBnot\fR a verified chain.
.IP "\fB\-prexit\fR" 4
.IX Item "-prexit"
Print session information when the program exits. This will always attempt
to print out information even if the connection fails. Normally information
will only be printed out once if the connection succeeds. This option is useful
because the cipher in use may be renegotiated or the connection may fail
because a client certificate is required or is requested only after an
attempt is made to access a certain \s-1URL.\s0 Note: the output produced by this
option is not always accurate because a connection might never have been
established.
.IP "\fB\-state\fR" 4
.IX Item "-state"
Prints out the \s-1SSL\s0 session states.
.IP "\fB\-debug\fR" 4
.IX Item "-debug"
Print extensive debugging information including a hex dump of all traffic.
.IP "\fB\-msg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-msg"
Show all protocol messages with hex dump.
.IP "\fB\-trace\fR" 4
.IX Item "-trace"
Show verbose trace output of protocol messages. OpenSSL needs to be compiled
with \fBenable-ssl-trace\fR for this option to work.
.IP "\fB\-msgfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-msgfile"
File to send output of \fB\-msg\fR or \fB\-trace\fR to, default standard output.
.IP "\fB\-nbio_test\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nbio_test"
Tests non-blocking I/O
.IP "\fB\-nbio\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nbio"
Turns on non-blocking I/O
.IP "\fB\-crlf\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crlf"
This option translated a line feed from the terminal into \s-1CR+LF\s0 as required
by some servers.
.IP "\fB\-ign_eof\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ign_eof"
Inhibit shutting down the connection when end of file is reached in the
input.
.IP "\fB\-quiet\fR" 4
.IX Item "-quiet"
Inhibit printing of session and certificate information. This implicitly
turns on \fB\-ign_eof\fR as well.
.IP "\fB\-no_ign_eof\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_ign_eof"
Shut down the connection when end of file is reached in the input.
Can be used to override the implicit \fB\-ign_eof\fR after \fB\-quiet\fR.
.IP "\fB\-psk_identity identity\fR" 4
.IX Item "-psk_identity identity"
Use the \s-1PSK\s0 identity \fBidentity\fR when using a \s-1PSK\s0 cipher suite.
The default value is \*(L"Client_identity\*(R" (without the quotes).
.IP "\fB\-psk key\fR" 4
.IX Item "-psk key"
Use the \s-1PSK\s0 key \fBkey\fR when using a \s-1PSK\s0 cipher suite. The key is
given as a hexadecimal number without leading 0x, for example \-psk
1a2b3c4d.
This option must be provided in order to use a \s-1PSK\s0 cipher.
.IP "\fB\-psk_session file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-psk_session file"
Use the pem encoded \s-1SSL_SESSION\s0 data stored in \fBfile\fR as the basis of a \s-1PSK.\s0
Note that this will only work if TLSv1.3 is negotiated.
.IP "\fB\-ssl3\fR, \fB\-tls1\fR, \fB\-tls1_1\fR, \fB\-tls1_2\fR, \fB\-tls1_3\fR, \fB\-no_ssl3\fR, \fB\-no_tls1\fR, \fB\-no_tls1_1\fR, \fB\-no_tls1_2\fR, \fB\-no_tls1_3\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ssl3, -tls1, -tls1_1, -tls1_2, -tls1_3, -no_ssl3, -no_tls1, -no_tls1_1, -no_tls1_2, -no_tls1_3"
These options require or disable the use of the specified \s-1SSL\s0 or \s-1TLS\s0 protocols.
By default \fBs_client\fR will negotiate the highest mutually supported protocol
version.
When a specific \s-1TLS\s0 version is required, only that version will be offered to
and accepted from the server.
Note that not all protocols and flags may be available, depending on how
OpenSSL was built.
.IP "\fB\-dtls\fR, \fB\-dtls1\fR, \fB\-dtls1_2\fR" 4
.IX Item "-dtls, -dtls1, -dtls1_2"
These options make \fBs_client\fR use \s-1DTLS\s0 protocols instead of \s-1TLS.\s0
With \fB\-dtls\fR, \fBs_client\fR will negotiate any supported \s-1DTLS\s0 protocol version,
whilst \fB\-dtls1\fR and \fB\-dtls1_2\fR will only support \s-1DTLS1.0\s0 and \s-1DTLS1.2\s0
respectively.
.IP "\fB\-sctp\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sctp"
Use \s-1SCTP\s0 for the transport protocol instead of \s-1UDP\s0 in \s-1DTLS.\s0 Must be used in
conjunction with \fB\-dtls\fR, \fB\-dtls1\fR or \fB\-dtls1_2\fR. This option is only
available where OpenSSL has support for \s-1SCTP\s0 enabled.
.IP "\fB\-sctp_label_bug\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sctp_label_bug"
Use the incorrect behaviour of older OpenSSL implementations when computing
endpoint-pair shared secrets for \s-1DTLS/SCTP.\s0 This allows communication with
older broken implementations but breaks interoperability with correct
implementations. Must be used in conjunction with \fB\-sctp\fR. This option is only
available where OpenSSL has support for \s-1SCTP\s0 enabled.
.IP "\fB\-fallback_scsv\fR" 4
.IX Item "-fallback_scsv"
Send \s-1TLS_FALLBACK_SCSV\s0 in the ClientHello.
.IP "\fB\-async\fR" 4
.IX Item "-async"
Switch on asynchronous mode. Cryptographic operations will be performed
asynchronously. This will only have an effect if an asynchronous capable engine
is also used via the \fB\-engine\fR option. For test purposes the dummy async engine
(dasync) can be used (if available).
.IP "\fB\-max_send_frag int\fR" 4
.IX Item "-max_send_frag int"
The maximum size of data fragment to send.
See \fBSSL_CTX_set_max_send_fragment\fR\|(3) for further information.
.IP "\fB\-split_send_frag int\fR" 4
.IX Item "-split_send_frag int"
The size used to split data for encrypt pipelines. If more data is written in
one go than this value then it will be split into multiple pipelines, up to the
maximum number of pipelines defined by max_pipelines. This only has an effect if
a suitable cipher suite has been negotiated, an engine that supports pipelining
has been loaded, and max_pipelines is greater than 1. See
\&\fBSSL_CTX_set_split_send_fragment\fR\|(3) for further information.
.IP "\fB\-max_pipelines int\fR" 4
.IX Item "-max_pipelines int"
The maximum number of encrypt/decrypt pipelines to be used. This will only have
an effect if an engine has been loaded that supports pipelining (e.g. the dasync
engine) and a suitable cipher suite has been negotiated. The default value is 1.
See \fBSSL_CTX_set_max_pipelines\fR\|(3) for further information.
.IP "\fB\-read_buf int\fR" 4
.IX Item "-read_buf int"
The default read buffer size to be used for connections. This will only have an
effect if the buffer size is larger than the size that would otherwise be used
and pipelining is in use (see \fBSSL_CTX_set_default_read_buffer_len\fR\|(3) for
further information).
.IP "\fB\-bugs\fR" 4
.IX Item "-bugs"
There are several known bugs in \s-1SSL\s0 and \s-1TLS\s0 implementations. Adding this
option enables various workarounds.
.IP "\fB\-comp\fR" 4
.IX Item "-comp"
Enables support for \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 compression.
This option was introduced in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
\&\s-1TLS\s0 compression is not recommended and is off by default as of
OpenSSL 1.1.0.
.IP "\fB\-no_comp\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_comp"
Disables support for \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 compression.
\&\s-1TLS\s0 compression is not recommended and is off by default as of
OpenSSL 1.1.0.
.IP "\fB\-brief\fR" 4
.IX Item "-brief"
Only provide a brief summary of connection parameters instead of the
normal verbose output.
.IP "\fB\-sigalgs sigalglist\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sigalgs sigalglist"
Specifies the list of signature algorithms that are sent by the client.
The server selects one entry in the list based on its preferences.
For example strings, see \fBSSL_CTX_set1_sigalgs\fR\|(3)
.IP "\fB\-curves curvelist\fR" 4
.IX Item "-curves curvelist"
Specifies the list of supported curves to be sent by the client. The curve is
ultimately selected by the server. For a list of all curves, use:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\& $ openssl ecparam \-list_curves
.Ve
.IP "\fB\-cipher cipherlist\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cipher cipherlist"
This allows the TLSv1.2 and below cipher list sent by the client to be modified.
This list will be combined with any TLSv1.3 ciphersuites that have been
configured. Although the server determines which ciphersuite is used it should
take the first supported cipher in the list sent by the client. See the
\&\fBciphers\fR command for more information.
.IP "\fB\-ciphersuites val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ciphersuites val"
This allows the TLSv1.3 ciphersuites sent by the client to be modified. This
list will be combined with any TLSv1.2 and below ciphersuites that have been
configured. Although the server determines which cipher suite is used it should
take the first supported cipher in the list sent by the client. See the
\&\fBciphers\fR command for more information. The format for this list is a simple
colon (\*(L":\*(R") separated list of TLSv1.3 ciphersuite names.
.IP "\fB\-starttls protocol\fR" 4
.IX Item "-starttls protocol"
Send the protocol-specific message(s) to switch to \s-1TLS\s0 for communication.
\&\fBprotocol\fR is a keyword for the intended protocol. Currently, the only
supported keywords are \*(L"smtp\*(R", \*(L"pop3\*(R", \*(L"imap\*(R", \*(L"ftp\*(R", \*(L"xmpp\*(R", \*(L"xmpp-server\*(R",
\&\*(L"irc\*(R", \*(L"postgres\*(R", \*(L"mysql\*(R", \*(L"lmtp\*(R", \*(L"nntp\*(R", \*(L"sieve\*(R" and \*(L"ldap\*(R".
.IP "\fB\-xmpphost hostname\fR" 4
.IX Item "-xmpphost hostname"
This option, when used with \*(L"\-starttls xmpp\*(R" or \*(L"\-starttls xmpp-server\*(R",
specifies the host for the \*(L"to\*(R" attribute of the stream element.
If this option is not specified, then the host specified with \*(L"\-connect\*(R"
will be used.
.Sp
This option is an alias of the \fB\-name\fR option for \*(L"xmpp\*(R" and \*(L"xmpp-server\*(R".
.IP "\fB\-name hostname\fR" 4
.IX Item "-name hostname"
This option is used to specify hostname information for various protocols
used with \fB\-starttls\fR option. Currently only \*(L"xmpp\*(R", \*(L"xmpp-server\*(R",
\&\*(L"smtp\*(R" and \*(L"lmtp\*(R" can utilize this \fB\-name\fR option.
.Sp
If this option is used with \*(L"\-starttls xmpp\*(R" or \*(L"\-starttls xmpp-server\*(R",
if specifies the host for the \*(L"to\*(R" attribute of the stream element. If this
option is not specified, then the host specified with \*(L"\-connect\*(R" will be used.
.Sp
If this option is used with \*(L"\-starttls lmtp\*(R" or \*(L"\-starttls smtp\*(R", it specifies
the name to use in the \*(L"\s-1LMTP LHLO\*(R"\s0 or \*(L"\s-1SMTP EHLO\*(R"\s0 message, respectively. If
this option is not specified, then \*(L"mail.example.com\*(R" will be used.
.IP "\fB\-tlsextdebug\fR" 4
.IX Item "-tlsextdebug"
Print out a hex dump of any \s-1TLS\s0 extensions received from the server.
.IP "\fB\-no_ticket\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_ticket"
Disable RFC4507bis session ticket support.
.IP "\fB\-sess_out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sess_out filename"
Output \s-1SSL\s0 session to \fBfilename\fR.
.IP "\fB\-sess_in sess.pem\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sess_in sess.pem"
Load \s-1SSL\s0 session from \fBfilename\fR. The client will attempt to resume a
connection from this session.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBs_client\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fB\-serverinfo types\fR" 4
.IX Item "-serverinfo types"
A list of comma-separated \s-1TLS\s0 Extension Types (numbers between 0 and
65535). Each type will be sent as an empty ClientHello \s-1TLS\s0 Extension.
The server's response (if any) will be encoded and displayed as a \s-1PEM\s0
file.
.IP "\fB\-status\fR" 4
.IX Item "-status"
Sends a certificate status request to the server (\s-1OCSP\s0 stapling). The server
response (if any) is printed out.
.IP "\fB\-alpn protocols\fR, \fB\-nextprotoneg protocols\fR" 4
.IX Item "-alpn protocols, -nextprotoneg protocols"
These flags enable the Enable the Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation
or Next Protocol Negotiation (\s-1NPN\s0) extension, respectively. \s-1ALPN\s0 is the
\&\s-1IETF\s0 standard and replaces \s-1NPN.\s0
The \fBprotocols\fR list is a comma-separated list of protocol names that
the client should advertise support for. The list should contain the most
desirable protocols first. Protocol names are printable \s-1ASCII\s0 strings,
for example \*(L"http/1.1\*(R" or \*(L"spdy/3\*(R".
An empty list of protocols is treated specially and will cause the
client to advertise support for the \s-1TLS\s0 extension but disconnect just
after receiving ServerHello with a list of server supported protocols.
The flag \fB\-nextprotoneg\fR cannot be specified if \fB\-tls1_3\fR is used.
.IP "\fB\-ct\fR, \fB\-noct\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ct, -noct"
Use one of these two options to control whether Certificate Transparency (\s-1CT\s0)
is enabled (\fB\-ct\fR) or disabled (\fB\-noct\fR).
If \s-1CT\s0 is enabled, signed certificate timestamps (SCTs) will be requested from
the server and reported at handshake completion.
.Sp
Enabling \s-1CT\s0 also enables \s-1OCSP\s0 stapling, as this is one possible delivery method
for SCTs.
.IP "\fB\-ctlogfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ctlogfile"
A file containing a list of known Certificate Transparency logs. See
\&\fBSSL_CTX_set_ctlog_list_file\fR\|(3) for the expected file format.
.IP "\fB\-keylogfile file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keylogfile file"
Appends \s-1TLS\s0 secrets to the specified keylog file such that external programs
(like Wireshark) can decrypt \s-1TLS\s0 connections.
.IP "\fB\-early_data file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-early_data file"
Reads the contents of the specified file and attempts to send it as early data
to the server. This will only work with resumed sessions that support early
data and when the server accepts the early data.
.IP "\fB\-enable_pha\fR" 4
.IX Item "-enable_pha"
For TLSv1.3 only, send the Post-Handshake Authentication extension. This will
happen whether or not a certificate has been provided via \fB\-cert\fR.
.IP "\fB[target]\fR" 4
.IX Item "[target]"
Rather than providing \fB\-connect\fR, the target hostname and optional port may
be provided as a single positional argument after all options. If neither this
nor \fB\-connect\fR are provided, falls back to attempting to connect to localhost
on port 4433.
.SH "CONNECTED COMMANDS"
.IX Header "CONNECTED COMMANDS"
If a connection is established with an \s-1SSL\s0 server then any data received
from the server is displayed and any key presses will be sent to the
server. If end of file is reached then the connection will be closed down. When
used interactively (which means neither \fB\-quiet\fR nor \fB\-ign_eof\fR have been
given), then certain commands are also recognized which perform special
operations. These commands are a letter which must appear at the start of a
line. They are listed below.
.IP "\fBQ\fR" 4
.IX Item "Q"
End the current \s-1SSL\s0 connection and exit.
.IP "\fBR\fR" 4
.IX Item "R"
Renegotiate the \s-1SSL\s0 session (TLSv1.2 and below only).
.IP "\fBB\fR" 4
.IX Item "B"
Send a heartbeat message to the server (\s-1DTLS\s0 only)
.IP "\fBk\fR" 4
.IX Item "k"
Send a key update message to the server (TLSv1.3 only)
.IP "\fBK\fR" 4
.IX Item "K"
Send a key update message to the server and request one back (TLSv1.3 only)
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
\&\fBs_client\fR can be used to debug \s-1SSL\s0 servers. To connect to an \s-1SSL HTTP\s0
server the command:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl s_client \-connect servername:443
.Ve
.PP
would typically be used (https uses port 443). If the connection succeeds
then an \s-1HTTP\s0 command can be given such as \*(L"\s-1GET /\*(R"\s0 to retrieve a web page.
.PP
If the handshake fails then there are several possible causes, if it is
nothing obvious like no client certificate then the \fB\-bugs\fR,
\&\fB\-ssl3\fR, \fB\-tls1\fR, \fB\-no_ssl3\fR, \fB\-no_tls1\fR options can be tried
in case it is a buggy server. In particular you should play with these
options \fBbefore\fR submitting a bug report to an OpenSSL mailing list.
.PP
A frequent problem when attempting to get client certificates working
is that a web client complains it has no certificates or gives an empty
list to choose from. This is normally because the server is not sending
the clients certificate authority in its \*(L"acceptable \s-1CA\s0 list\*(R" when it
requests a certificate. By using \fBs_client\fR the \s-1CA\s0 list can be viewed
and checked. However some servers only request client authentication
after a specific \s-1URL\s0 is requested. To obtain the list in this case it
is necessary to use the \fB\-prexit\fR option and send an \s-1HTTP\s0 request
for an appropriate page.
.PP
If a certificate is specified on the command line using the \fB\-cert\fR
option it will not be used unless the server specifically requests
a client certificate. Therefor merely including a client certificate
on the command line is no guarantee that the certificate works.
.PP
If there are problems verifying a server certificate then the
\&\fB\-showcerts\fR option can be used to show all the certificates sent by the
server.
.PP
The \fBs_client\fR utility is a test tool and is designed to continue the
handshake after any certificate verification errors. As a result it will
accept any certificate chain (trusted or not) sent by the peer. None test
applications should \fBnot\fR do this as it makes them vulnerable to a \s-1MITM\s0
attack. This behaviour can be changed by with the \fB\-verify_return_error\fR
option: any verify errors are then returned aborting the handshake.
.PP
The \fB\-bind\fR option may be useful if the server or a firewall requires
connections to come from some particular address and or port.
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
Because this program has a lot of options and also because some of the
techniques used are rather old, the C source of \fBs_client\fR is rather hard to
read and not a model of how things should be done.
A typical \s-1SSL\s0 client program would be much simpler.
.PP
The \fB\-prexit\fR option is a bit of a hack. We should really report
information whenever a session is renegotiated.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBSSL_CONF_cmd\fR\|(3), \fBsess_id\fR\|(1), \fBs_server\fR\|(1), \fBciphers\fR\|(1),
\&\fBSSL_CTX_set_max_send_fragment\fR\|(3), \fBSSL_CTX_set_split_send_fragment\fR\|(3),
\&\fBSSL_CTX_set_max_pipelines\fR\|(3)
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
The \fB\-no_alt_chains\fR option was added in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
The \fB\-name\fR option was added in OpenSSL 1.1.1.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "S_SERVER 1"
.TH S_SERVER 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-s_server, s_server \- SSL/TLS server program
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBs_server\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-port +int\fR]
[\fB\-accept val\fR]
[\fB\-unix val\fR]
[\fB\-4\fR]
[\fB\-6\fR]
[\fB\-unlink\fR]
[\fB\-context val\fR]
[\fB\-verify int\fR]
[\fB\-Verify int\fR]
[\fB\-cert infile\fR]
[\fB\-nameopt val\fR]
[\fB\-naccept +int\fR]
[\fB\-serverinfo val\fR]
[\fB\-certform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-key infile\fR]
[\fB\-keyform format\fR]
[\fB\-pass val\fR]
[\fB\-dcert infile\fR]
[\fB\-dcertform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-dkey infile\fR]
[\fB\-dkeyform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-dpass val\fR]
[\fB\-nbio_test\fR]
[\fB\-crlf\fR]
[\fB\-debug\fR]
[\fB\-msg\fR]
[\fB\-msgfile outfile\fR]
[\fB\-state\fR]
[\fB\-CAfile infile\fR]
[\fB\-CApath dir\fR]
[\fB\-no\-CAfile\fR]
[\fB\-no\-CApath\fR]
[\fB\-nocert\fR]
[\fB\-quiet\fR]
[\fB\-no_resume_ephemeral\fR]
[\fB\-www\fR]
[\fB\-WWW\fR]
[\fB\-servername\fR]
[\fB\-servername_fatal\fR]
[\fB\-cert2 infile\fR]
[\fB\-key2 infile\fR]
[\fB\-tlsextdebug\fR]
[\fB\-HTTP\fR]
[\fB\-id_prefix val\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-keymatexport val\fR]
[\fB\-keymatexportlen +int\fR]
[\fB\-CRL infile\fR]
[\fB\-crl_download\fR]
[\fB\-cert_chain infile\fR]
[\fB\-dcert_chain infile\fR]
[\fB\-chainCApath dir\fR]
[\fB\-verifyCApath dir\fR]
[\fB\-no_cache\fR]
[\fB\-ext_cache\fR]
[\fB\-CRLform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-verify_return_error\fR]
[\fB\-verify_quiet\fR]
[\fB\-build_chain\fR]
[\fB\-chainCAfile infile\fR]
[\fB\-verifyCAfile infile\fR]
[\fB\-ign_eof\fR]
[\fB\-no_ign_eof\fR]
[\fB\-status\fR]
[\fB\-status_verbose\fR]
[\fB\-status_timeout int\fR]
[\fB\-status_url val\fR]
[\fB\-status_file infile\fR]
[\fB\-trace\fR]
[\fB\-security_debug\fR]
[\fB\-security_debug_verbose\fR]
[\fB\-brief\fR]
[\fB\-rev\fR]
[\fB\-async\fR]
[\fB\-ssl_config val\fR]
[\fB\-max_send_frag +int\fR]
[\fB\-split_send_frag +int\fR]
[\fB\-max_pipelines +int\fR]
[\fB\-read_buf +int\fR]
[\fB\-no_ssl3\fR]
[\fB\-no_tls1\fR]
[\fB\-no_tls1_1\fR]
[\fB\-no_tls1_2\fR]
[\fB\-no_tls1_3\fR]
[\fB\-bugs\fR]
[\fB\-no_comp\fR]
[\fB\-comp\fR]
[\fB\-no_ticket\fR]
[\fB\-num_tickets\fR]
[\fB\-serverpref\fR]
[\fB\-legacy_renegotiation\fR]
[\fB\-no_renegotiation\fR]
[\fB\-legacy_server_connect\fR]
[\fB\-no_resumption_on_reneg\fR]
[\fB\-no_legacy_server_connect\fR]
[\fB\-allow_no_dhe_kex\fR]
[\fB\-prioritize_chacha\fR]
[\fB\-strict\fR]
[\fB\-sigalgs val\fR]
[\fB\-client_sigalgs val\fR]
[\fB\-groups val\fR]
[\fB\-curves val\fR]
[\fB\-named_curve val\fR]
[\fB\-cipher val\fR]
[\fB\-ciphersuites val\fR]
[\fB\-dhparam infile\fR]
[\fB\-record_padding val\fR]
[\fB\-debug_broken_protocol\fR]
[\fB\-policy val\fR]
[\fB\-purpose val\fR]
[\fB\-verify_name val\fR]
[\fB\-verify_depth int\fR]
[\fB\-auth_level int\fR]
[\fB\-attime intmax\fR]
[\fB\-verify_hostname val\fR]
[\fB\-verify_email val\fR]
[\fB\-verify_ip\fR]
[\fB\-ignore_critical\fR]
[\fB\-issuer_checks\fR]
[\fB\-crl_check\fR]
[\fB\-crl_check_all\fR]
[\fB\-policy_check\fR]
[\fB\-explicit_policy\fR]
[\fB\-inhibit_any\fR]
[\fB\-inhibit_map\fR]
[\fB\-x509_strict\fR]
[\fB\-extended_crl\fR]
[\fB\-use_deltas\fR]
[\fB\-policy_print\fR]
[\fB\-check_ss_sig\fR]
[\fB\-trusted_first\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_128_only\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_128\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_192\fR]
[\fB\-partial_chain\fR]
[\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR]
[\fB\-no_check_time\fR]
[\fB\-allow_proxy_certs\fR]
[\fB\-xkey\fR]
[\fB\-xcert\fR]
[\fB\-xchain\fR]
[\fB\-xchain_build\fR]
[\fB\-xcertform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-xkeyform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-nbio\fR]
[\fB\-psk_identity val\fR]
[\fB\-psk_hint val\fR]
[\fB\-psk val\fR]
[\fB\-psk_session file\fR]
[\fB\-srpvfile infile\fR]
[\fB\-srpuserseed val\fR]
[\fB\-ssl3\fR]
[\fB\-tls1\fR]
[\fB\-tls1_1\fR]
[\fB\-tls1_2\fR]
[\fB\-tls1_3\fR]
[\fB\-dtls\fR]
[\fB\-timeout\fR]
[\fB\-mtu +int\fR]
[\fB\-listen\fR]
[\fB\-dtls1\fR]
[\fB\-dtls1_2\fR]
[\fB\-sctp\fR]
[\fB\-sctp_label_bug\fR]
[\fB\-no_dhe\fR]
[\fB\-nextprotoneg val\fR]
[\fB\-use_srtp val\fR]
[\fB\-alpn val\fR]
[\fB\-engine val\fR]
[\fB\-keylogfile outfile\fR]
[\fB\-max_early_data int\fR]
[\fB\-early_data\fR]
[\fB\-anti_replay\fR]
[\fB\-no_anti_replay\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBs_server\fR command implements a generic \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 server which listens
for connections on a given port using \s-1SSL/TLS.\s0
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
In addition to the options below the \fBs_server\fR utility also supports the
common and server only options documented
in the \*(L"Supported Command Line Commands\*(R" section of the \fBSSL_CONF_cmd\fR\|(3)
manual page.
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-port +int\fR" 4
.IX Item "-port +int"
The \s-1TCP\s0 port to listen on for connections. If not specified 4433 is used.
.IP "\fB\-accept val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-accept val"
The optional \s-1TCP\s0 host and port to listen on for connections. If not specified, *:4433 is used.
.IP "\fB\-unix val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-unix val"
Unix domain socket to accept on.
.IP "\fB\-4\fR" 4
.IX Item "-4"
Use IPv4 only.
.IP "\fB\-6\fR" 4
.IX Item "-6"
Use IPv6 only.
.IP "\fB\-unlink\fR" 4
.IX Item "-unlink"
For \-unix, unlink any existing socket first.
.IP "\fB\-context val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-context val"
Sets the \s-1SSL\s0 context id. It can be given any string value. If this option
is not present a default value will be used.
.IP "\fB\-verify int\fR, \fB\-Verify int\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify int, -Verify int"
The verify depth to use. This specifies the maximum length of the
client certificate chain and makes the server request a certificate from
the client. With the \fB\-verify\fR option a certificate is requested but the
client does not have to send one, with the \fB\-Verify\fR option the client
must supply a certificate or an error occurs.
.Sp
If the cipher suite cannot request a client certificate (for example an
anonymous cipher suite or \s-1PSK\s0) this option has no effect.
.IP "\fB\-cert infile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cert infile"
The certificate to use, most servers cipher suites require the use of a
certificate and some require a certificate with a certain public key type:
for example the \s-1DSS\s0 cipher suites require a certificate containing a \s-1DSS\s0
(\s-1DSA\s0) key. If not specified then the filename \*(L"server.pem\*(R" will be used.
.IP "\fB\-cert_chain\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cert_chain"
A file containing trusted certificates to use when attempting to build the
client/server certificate chain related to the certificate specified via the
\&\fB\-cert\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-build_chain\fR" 4
.IX Item "-build_chain"
Specify whether the application should build the certificate chain to be
provided to the client.
.IP "\fB\-nameopt val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nameopt val"
Option which determines how the subject or issuer names are displayed. The
\&\fBval\fR argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by
commas. Alternatively the \fB\-nameopt\fR switch may be used more than once to
set multiple options. See the \fBx509\fR\|(1) manual page for details.
.IP "\fB\-naccept +int\fR" 4
.IX Item "-naccept +int"
The server will exit after receiving the specified number of connections,
default unlimited.
.IP "\fB\-serverinfo val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-serverinfo val"
A file containing one or more blocks of \s-1PEM\s0 data. Each \s-1PEM\s0 block
must encode a \s-1TLS\s0 ServerHello extension (2 bytes type, 2 bytes length,
followed by \*(L"length\*(R" bytes of extension data). If the client sends
an empty \s-1TLS\s0 ClientHello extension matching the type, the corresponding
ServerHello extension will be returned.
.IP "\fB\-certform PEM|DER\fR" 4
.IX Item "-certform PEM|DER"
The certificate format to use: \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM. PEM\s0 is the default.
.IP "\fB\-key infile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-key infile"
The private key to use. If not specified then the certificate file will
be used.
.IP "\fB\-keyform format\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keyform format"
The private format to use: \s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM. PEM\s0 is the default.
.IP "\fB\-pass val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pass val"
The private key password source. For more information about the format of \fBval\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-dcert infile\fR, \fB\-dkey infile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-dcert infile, -dkey infile"
Specify an additional certificate and private key, these behave in the
same manner as the \fB\-cert\fR and \fB\-key\fR options except there is no default
if they are not specified (no additional certificate and key is used). As
noted above some cipher suites require a certificate containing a key of
a certain type. Some cipher suites need a certificate carrying an \s-1RSA\s0 key
and some a \s-1DSS\s0 (\s-1DSA\s0) key. By using \s-1RSA\s0 and \s-1DSS\s0 certificates and keys
a server can support clients which only support \s-1RSA\s0 or \s-1DSS\s0 cipher suites
by using an appropriate certificate.
.IP "\fB\-dcert_chain\fR" 4
.IX Item "-dcert_chain"
A file containing trusted certificates to use when attempting to build the
server certificate chain when a certificate specified via the \fB\-dcert\fR option
is in use.
.IP "\fB\-dcertform PEM|DER\fR, \fB\-dkeyform PEM|DER\fR, \fB\-dpass val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-dcertform PEM|DER, -dkeyform PEM|DER, -dpass val"
Additional certificate and private key format and passphrase respectively.
.IP "\fB\-xkey infile\fR, \fB\-xcert infile\fR, \fB\-xchain\fR" 4
.IX Item "-xkey infile, -xcert infile, -xchain"
Specify an extra certificate, private key and certificate chain. These behave
in the same manner as the \fB\-cert\fR, \fB\-key\fR and \fB\-cert_chain\fR options. When
specified, the callback returning the first valid chain will be in use by
the server.
.IP "\fB\-xchain_build\fR" 4
.IX Item "-xchain_build"
Specify whether the application should build the certificate chain to be
provided to the client for the extra certificates provided via \fB\-xkey infile\fR,
\&\fB\-xcert infile\fR, \fB\-xchain\fR options.
.IP "\fB\-xcertform PEM|DER\fR, \fB\-xkeyform PEM|DER\fR" 4
.IX Item "-xcertform PEM|DER, -xkeyform PEM|DER"
Extra certificate and private key format respectively.
.IP "\fB\-nbio_test\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nbio_test"
Tests non blocking I/O.
.IP "\fB\-crlf\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crlf"
This option translated a line feed from the terminal into \s-1CR+LF.\s0
.IP "\fB\-debug\fR" 4
.IX Item "-debug"
Print extensive debugging information including a hex dump of all traffic.
.IP "\fB\-msg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-msg"
Show all protocol messages with hex dump.
.IP "\fB\-msgfile outfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-msgfile outfile"
File to send output of \fB\-msg\fR or \fB\-trace\fR to, default standard output.
.IP "\fB\-state\fR" 4
.IX Item "-state"
Prints the \s-1SSL\s0 session states.
.IP "\fB\-CAfile infile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CAfile infile"
A file containing trusted certificates to use during client authentication
and to use when attempting to build the server certificate chain. The list
is also used in the list of acceptable client CAs passed to the client when
a certificate is requested.
.IP "\fB\-CApath dir\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CApath dir"
The directory to use for client certificate verification. This directory
must be in \*(L"hash format\*(R", see \fBverify\fR\|(1) for more information. These are
also used when building the server certificate chain.
.IP "\fB\-chainCApath dir\fR" 4
.IX Item "-chainCApath dir"
The directory to use for building the chain provided to the client. This
directory must be in \*(L"hash format\*(R", see \fBverify\fR\|(1) for more information.
.IP "\fB\-chainCAfile file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-chainCAfile file"
A file containing trusted certificates to use when attempting to build the
server certificate chain.
.IP "\fB\-no\-CAfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no-CAfile"
Do not load the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates from the default file location.
.IP "\fB\-no\-CApath\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no-CApath"
Do not load the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates from the default directory location.
.IP "\fB\-nocert\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nocert"
If this option is set then no certificate is used. This restricts the
cipher suites available to the anonymous ones (currently just anonymous
\&\s-1DH\s0).
.IP "\fB\-quiet\fR" 4
.IX Item "-quiet"
Inhibit printing of session and certificate information.
.IP "\fB\-www\fR" 4
.IX Item "-www"
Sends a status message back to the client when it connects. This includes
information about the ciphers used and various session parameters.
The output is in \s-1HTML\s0 format so this option will normally be used with a
web browser. Cannot be used in conjunction with \fB\-early_data\fR.
.IP "\fB\-WWW\fR" 4
.IX Item "-WWW"
Emulates a simple web server. Pages will be resolved relative to the
current directory, for example if the \s-1URL\s0 https://myhost/page.html is
requested the file ./page.html will be loaded. Cannot be used in conjunction
with \fB\-early_data\fR.
.IP "\fB\-tlsextdebug\fR" 4
.IX Item "-tlsextdebug"
Print a hex dump of any \s-1TLS\s0 extensions received from the server.
.IP "\fB\-HTTP\fR" 4
.IX Item "-HTTP"
Emulates a simple web server. Pages will be resolved relative to the
current directory, for example if the \s-1URL\s0 https://myhost/page.html is
requested the file ./page.html will be loaded. The files loaded are
assumed to contain a complete and correct \s-1HTTP\s0 response (lines that
are part of the \s-1HTTP\s0 response line and headers must end with \s-1CRLF\s0). Cannot be
used in conjunction with \fB\-early_data\fR.
.IP "\fB\-id_prefix val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-id_prefix val"
Generate \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 session IDs prefixed by \fBval\fR. This is mostly useful
for testing any \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 code (eg. proxies) that wish to deal with multiple
servers, when each of which might be generating a unique range of session
IDs (eg. with a certain prefix).
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fB\-verify_return_error\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify_return_error"
Verification errors normally just print a message but allow the
connection to continue, for debugging purposes.
If this option is used, then verification errors close the connection.
.IP "\fB\-status\fR" 4
.IX Item "-status"
Enables certificate status request support (aka \s-1OCSP\s0 stapling).
.IP "\fB\-status_verbose\fR" 4
.IX Item "-status_verbose"
Enables certificate status request support (aka \s-1OCSP\s0 stapling) and gives
a verbose printout of the \s-1OCSP\s0 response.
.IP "\fB\-status_timeout int\fR" 4
.IX Item "-status_timeout int"
Sets the timeout for \s-1OCSP\s0 response to \fBint\fR seconds.
.IP "\fB\-status_url val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-status_url val"
Sets a fallback responder \s-1URL\s0 to use if no responder \s-1URL\s0 is present in the
server certificate. Without this option an error is returned if the server
certificate does not contain a responder address.
.IP "\fB\-status_file infile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-status_file infile"
Overrides any \s-1OCSP\s0 responder URLs from the certificate and always provides the
\&\s-1OCSP\s0 Response stored in the file. The file must be in \s-1DER\s0 format.
.IP "\fB\-trace\fR" 4
.IX Item "-trace"
Show verbose trace output of protocol messages. OpenSSL needs to be compiled
with \fBenable-ssl-trace\fR for this option to work.
.IP "\fB\-brief\fR" 4
.IX Item "-brief"
Provide a brief summary of connection parameters instead of the normal verbose
output.
.IP "\fB\-rev\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rev"
Simple test server which just reverses the text received from the client
and sends it back to the server. Also sets \fB\-brief\fR. Cannot be used in
conjunction with \fB\-early_data\fR.
.IP "\fB\-async\fR" 4
.IX Item "-async"
Switch on asynchronous mode. Cryptographic operations will be performed
asynchronously. This will only have an effect if an asynchronous capable engine
is also used via the \fB\-engine\fR option. For test purposes the dummy async engine
(dasync) can be used (if available).
.IP "\fB\-max_send_frag +int\fR" 4
.IX Item "-max_send_frag +int"
The maximum size of data fragment to send.
See \fBSSL_CTX_set_max_send_fragment\fR\|(3) for further information.
.IP "\fB\-split_send_frag +int\fR" 4
.IX Item "-split_send_frag +int"
The size used to split data for encrypt pipelines. If more data is written in
one go than this value then it will be split into multiple pipelines, up to the
maximum number of pipelines defined by max_pipelines. This only has an effect if
a suitable cipher suite has been negotiated, an engine that supports pipelining
has been loaded, and max_pipelines is greater than 1. See
\&\fBSSL_CTX_set_split_send_fragment\fR\|(3) for further information.
.IP "\fB\-max_pipelines +int\fR" 4
.IX Item "-max_pipelines +int"
The maximum number of encrypt/decrypt pipelines to be used. This will only have
an effect if an engine has been loaded that supports pipelining (e.g. the dasync
engine) and a suitable cipher suite has been negotiated. The default value is 1.
See \fBSSL_CTX_set_max_pipelines\fR\|(3) for further information.
.IP "\fB\-read_buf +int\fR" 4
.IX Item "-read_buf +int"
The default read buffer size to be used for connections. This will only have an
effect if the buffer size is larger than the size that would otherwise be used
and pipelining is in use (see \fBSSL_CTX_set_default_read_buffer_len\fR\|(3) for
further information).
.IP "\fB\-ssl2\fR, \fB\-ssl3\fR, \fB\-tls1\fR, \fB\-tls1_1\fR, \fB\-tls1_2\fR, \fB\-tls1_3\fR, \fB\-no_ssl2\fR, \fB\-no_ssl3\fR, \fB\-no_tls1\fR, \fB\-no_tls1_1\fR, \fB\-no_tls1_2\fR, \fB\-no_tls1_3\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ssl2, -ssl3, -tls1, -tls1_1, -tls1_2, -tls1_3, -no_ssl2, -no_ssl3, -no_tls1, -no_tls1_1, -no_tls1_2, -no_tls1_3"
These options require or disable the use of the specified \s-1SSL\s0 or \s-1TLS\s0 protocols.
By default \fBs_server\fR will negotiate the highest mutually supported protocol
version.
When a specific \s-1TLS\s0 version is required, only that version will be accepted
from the client.
Note that not all protocols and flags may be available, depending on how
OpenSSL was built.
.IP "\fB\-bugs\fR" 4
.IX Item "-bugs"
There are several known bugs in \s-1SSL\s0 and \s-1TLS\s0 implementations. Adding this
option enables various workarounds.
.IP "\fB\-no_comp\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_comp"
Disable negotiation of \s-1TLS\s0 compression.
\&\s-1TLS\s0 compression is not recommended and is off by default as of
OpenSSL 1.1.0.
.IP "\fB\-comp\fR" 4
.IX Item "-comp"
Enable negotiation of \s-1TLS\s0 compression.
This option was introduced in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
\&\s-1TLS\s0 compression is not recommended and is off by default as of
OpenSSL 1.1.0.
.IP "\fB\-no_ticket\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_ticket"
Disable RFC4507bis session ticket support. This option has no effect if TLSv1.3
is negotiated. See \fB\-num_tickets\fR.
.IP "\fB\-num_tickets\fR" 4
.IX Item "-num_tickets"
Control the number of tickets that will be sent to the client after a full
handshake in TLSv1.3. The default number of tickets is 2. This option does not
affect the number of tickets sent after a resumption handshake.
.IP "\fB\-serverpref\fR" 4
.IX Item "-serverpref"
Use the server's cipher preferences, rather than the client's preferences.
.IP "\fB\-prioritize_chacha\fR" 4
.IX Item "-prioritize_chacha"
Prioritize ChaCha ciphers when preferred by clients. Requires \fB\-serverpref\fR.
.IP "\fB\-no_resumption_on_reneg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_resumption_on_reneg"
Set the \fB\s-1SSL_OP_NO_SESSION_RESUMPTION_ON_RENEGOTIATION\s0\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-client_sigalgs val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-client_sigalgs val"
Signature algorithms to support for client certificate authentication
(colon-separated list).
.IP "\fB\-named_curve val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-named_curve val"
Specifies the elliptic curve to use. \s-1NOTE:\s0 this is single curve, not a list.
For a list of all possible curves, use:
.Sp
.Vb 1
\& $ openssl ecparam \-list_curves
.Ve
.IP "\fB\-cipher val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cipher val"
This allows the list of TLSv1.2 and below ciphersuites used by the server to be
modified. This list is combined with any TLSv1.3 ciphersuites that have been
configured. When the client sends a list of supported ciphers the first client
cipher also included in the server list is used. Because the client specifies
the preference order, the order of the server cipherlist is irrelevant. See
the \fBciphers\fR command for more information.
.IP "\fB\-ciphersuites val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ciphersuites val"
This allows the list of TLSv1.3 ciphersuites used by the server to be modified.
This list is combined with any TLSv1.2 and below ciphersuites that have been
configured. When the client sends a list of supported ciphers the first client
cipher also included in the server list is used. Because the client specifies
the preference order, the order of the server cipherlist is irrelevant. See
the \fBciphers\fR command for more information. The format for this list is a
simple colon (\*(L":\*(R") separated list of TLSv1.3 ciphersuite names.
.IP "\fB\-dhparam infile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-dhparam infile"
The \s-1DH\s0 parameter file to use. The ephemeral \s-1DH\s0 cipher suites generate keys
using a set of \s-1DH\s0 parameters. If not specified then an attempt is made to
load the parameters from the server certificate file.
If this fails then a static set of parameters hard coded into the \fBs_server\fR
program will be used.
.IP "\fB\-attime\fR, \fB\-check_ss_sig\fR, \fB\-crl_check\fR, \fB\-crl_check_all\fR, \fB\-explicit_policy\fR, \fB\-extended_crl\fR, \fB\-ignore_critical\fR, \fB\-inhibit_any\fR, \fB\-inhibit_map\fR, \fB\-no_alt_chains\fR, \fB\-no_check_time\fR, \fB\-partial_chain\fR, \fB\-policy\fR, \fB\-policy_check\fR, \fB\-policy_print\fR, \fB\-purpose\fR, \fB\-suiteB_128\fR, \fB\-suiteB_128_only\fR, \fB\-suiteB_192\fR, \fB\-trusted_first\fR, \fB\-use_deltas\fR, \fB\-auth_level\fR, \fB\-verify_depth\fR, \fB\-verify_email\fR, \fB\-verify_hostname\fR, \fB\-verify_ip\fR, \fB\-verify_name\fR, \fB\-x509_strict\fR" 4
.IX Item "-attime, -check_ss_sig, -crl_check, -crl_check_all, -explicit_policy, -extended_crl, -ignore_critical, -inhibit_any, -inhibit_map, -no_alt_chains, -no_check_time, -partial_chain, -policy, -policy_check, -policy_print, -purpose, -suiteB_128, -suiteB_128_only, -suiteB_192, -trusted_first, -use_deltas, -auth_level, -verify_depth, -verify_email, -verify_hostname, -verify_ip, -verify_name, -x509_strict"
Set different peer certificate verification options.
See the \fBverify\fR\|(1) manual page for details.
.IP "\fB\-crl_check\fR, \fB\-crl_check_all\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crl_check, -crl_check_all"
Check the peer certificate has not been revoked by its \s-1CA.\s0
The \s-1CRL\s0(s) are appended to the certificate file. With the \fB\-crl_check_all\fR
option all CRLs of all CAs in the chain are checked.
.IP "\fB\-nbio\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nbio"
Turns on non blocking I/O.
.IP "\fB\-psk_identity val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-psk_identity val"
Expect the client to send \s-1PSK\s0 identity \fBval\fR when using a \s-1PSK\s0
cipher suite, and warn if they do not. By default, the expected \s-1PSK\s0
identity is the string \*(L"Client_identity\*(R".
.IP "\fB\-psk_hint val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-psk_hint val"
Use the \s-1PSK\s0 identity hint \fBval\fR when using a \s-1PSK\s0 cipher suite.
.IP "\fB\-psk val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-psk val"
Use the \s-1PSK\s0 key \fBval\fR when using a \s-1PSK\s0 cipher suite. The key is
given as a hexadecimal number without leading 0x, for example \-psk
1a2b3c4d.
This option must be provided in order to use a \s-1PSK\s0 cipher.
.IP "\fB\-psk_session file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-psk_session file"
Use the pem encoded \s-1SSL_SESSION\s0 data stored in \fBfile\fR as the basis of a \s-1PSK.\s0
Note that this will only work if TLSv1.3 is negotiated.
.IP "\fB\-listen\fR" 4
.IX Item "-listen"
This option can only be used in conjunction with one of the \s-1DTLS\s0 options above.
With this option \fBs_server\fR will listen on a \s-1UDP\s0 port for incoming connections.
Any ClientHellos that arrive will be checked to see if they have a cookie in
them or not.
Any without a cookie will be responded to with a HelloVerifyRequest.
If a ClientHello with a cookie is received then \fBs_server\fR will connect to
that peer and complete the handshake.
.IP "\fB\-dtls\fR, \fB\-dtls1\fR, \fB\-dtls1_2\fR" 4
.IX Item "-dtls, -dtls1, -dtls1_2"
These options make \fBs_server\fR use \s-1DTLS\s0 protocols instead of \s-1TLS.\s0
With \fB\-dtls\fR, \fBs_server\fR will negotiate any supported \s-1DTLS\s0 protocol version,
whilst \fB\-dtls1\fR and \fB\-dtls1_2\fR will only support DTLSv1.0 and DTLSv1.2
respectively.
.IP "\fB\-sctp\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sctp"
Use \s-1SCTP\s0 for the transport protocol instead of \s-1UDP\s0 in \s-1DTLS.\s0 Must be used in
conjunction with \fB\-dtls\fR, \fB\-dtls1\fR or \fB\-dtls1_2\fR. This option is only
available where OpenSSL has support for \s-1SCTP\s0 enabled.
.IP "\fB\-sctp_label_bug\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sctp_label_bug"
Use the incorrect behaviour of older OpenSSL implementations when computing
endpoint-pair shared secrets for \s-1DTLS/SCTP.\s0 This allows communication with
older broken implementations but breaks interoperability with correct
implementations. Must be used in conjunction with \fB\-sctp\fR. This option is only
available where OpenSSL has support for \s-1SCTP\s0 enabled.
.IP "\fB\-no_dhe\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_dhe"
If this option is set then no \s-1DH\s0 parameters will be loaded effectively
disabling the ephemeral \s-1DH\s0 cipher suites.
.IP "\fB\-alpn val\fR, \fB\-nextprotoneg val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-alpn val, -nextprotoneg val"
These flags enable the Enable the Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation
or Next Protocol Negotiation (\s-1NPN\s0) extension, respectively. \s-1ALPN\s0 is the
\&\s-1IETF\s0 standard and replaces \s-1NPN.\s0
The \fBval\fR list is a comma-separated list of supported protocol
names. The list should contain the most desirable protocols first.
Protocol names are printable \s-1ASCII\s0 strings, for example \*(L"http/1.1\*(R" or
\&\*(L"spdy/3\*(R".
The flag \fB\-nextprotoneg\fR cannot be specified if \fB\-tls1_3\fR is used.
.IP "\fB\-engine val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine val"
Specifying an engine (by its unique id string in \fBval\fR) will cause \fBs_server\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.IP "\fB\-keylogfile outfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keylogfile outfile"
Appends \s-1TLS\s0 secrets to the specified keylog file such that external programs
(like Wireshark) can decrypt \s-1TLS\s0 connections.
.IP "\fB\-max_early_data int\fR" 4
.IX Item "-max_early_data int"
Change the default maximum early data bytes that are specified for new sessions
and any incoming early data (when used in conjunction with the \fB\-early_data\fR
flag). The default value is approximately 16k. The argument must be an integer
greater than or equal to 0.
.IP "\fB\-early_data\fR" 4
.IX Item "-early_data"
Accept early data where possible. Cannot be used in conjunction with \fB\-www\fR,
\&\fB\-WWW\fR, \fB\-HTTP\fR or \fB\-rev\fR.
.IP "\fB\-anti_replay\fR, \fB\-no_anti_replay\fR" 4
.IX Item "-anti_replay, -no_anti_replay"
Switches replay protection on or off, respectively. Replay protection is on by
default unless overridden by a configuration file. When it is on, OpenSSL will
automatically detect if a session ticket has been used more than once, TLSv1.3
has been negotiated, and early data is enabled on the server. A full handshake
is forced if a session ticket is used a second or subsequent time. Any early
data that was sent will be rejected.
.SH "CONNECTED COMMANDS"
.IX Header "CONNECTED COMMANDS"
If a connection request is established with an \s-1SSL\s0 client and neither the
\&\fB\-www\fR nor the \fB\-WWW\fR option has been used then normally any data received
from the client is displayed and any key presses will be sent to the client.
.PP
Certain commands are also recognized which perform special operations. These
commands are a letter which must appear at the start of a line. They are listed
below.
.IP "\fBq\fR" 4
.IX Item "q"
End the current \s-1SSL\s0 connection but still accept new connections.
.IP "\fBQ\fR" 4
.IX Item "Q"
End the current \s-1SSL\s0 connection and exit.
.IP "\fBr\fR" 4
.IX Item "r"
Renegotiate the \s-1SSL\s0 session (TLSv1.2 and below only).
.IP "\fBR\fR" 4
.IX Item "R"
Renegotiate the \s-1SSL\s0 session and request a client certificate (TLSv1.2 and below
only).
.IP "\fBP\fR" 4
.IX Item "P"
Send some plain text down the underlying \s-1TCP\s0 connection: this should
cause the client to disconnect due to a protocol violation.
.IP "\fBS\fR" 4
.IX Item "S"
Print out some session cache status information.
.IP "\fBB\fR" 4
.IX Item "B"
Send a heartbeat message to the client (\s-1DTLS\s0 only)
.IP "\fBk\fR" 4
.IX Item "k"
Send a key update message to the client (TLSv1.3 only)
.IP "\fBK\fR" 4
.IX Item "K"
Send a key update message to the client and request one back (TLSv1.3 only)
.IP "\fBc\fR" 4
.IX Item "c"
Send a certificate request to the client (TLSv1.3 only)
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
\&\fBs_server\fR can be used to debug \s-1SSL\s0 clients. To accept connections from
a web browser the command:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl s_server \-accept 443 \-www
.Ve
.PP
can be used for example.
.PP
Although specifying an empty list of CAs when requesting a client certificate
is strictly speaking a protocol violation, some \s-1SSL\s0 clients interpret this to
mean any \s-1CA\s0 is acceptable. This is useful for debugging purposes.
.PP
The session parameters can printed out using the \fBsess_id\fR program.
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
Because this program has a lot of options and also because some of the
techniques used are rather old, the C source of \fBs_server\fR is rather hard to
read and not a model of how things should be done.
A typical \s-1SSL\s0 server program would be much simpler.
.PP
The output of common ciphers is wrong: it just gives the list of ciphers that
OpenSSL recognizes and the client supports.
.PP
There should be a way for the \fBs_server\fR program to print out details of any
unknown cipher suites a client says it supports.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBSSL_CONF_cmd\fR\|(3), \fBsess_id\fR\|(1), \fBs_client\fR\|(1), \fBciphers\fR\|(1)
\&\fBSSL_CTX_set_max_send_fragment\fR\|(3),
\&\fBSSL_CTX_set_split_send_fragment\fR\|(3),
\&\fBSSL_CTX_set_max_pipelines\fR\|(3)
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
The \-no_alt_chains option was added in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
.PP
The
\&\-allow\-no\-dhe\-kex and \-prioritize_chacha options were added in OpenSSL 1.1.1.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
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.if t .sp .5v
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.\"
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.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
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.\"
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\{\
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "S_TIME 1"
.TH S_TIME 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-s_time, s_time \- SSL/TLS performance timing program
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBs_time\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-connect host:port\fR]
[\fB\-www page\fR]
[\fB\-cert filename\fR]
[\fB\-key filename\fR]
[\fB\-CApath directory\fR]
[\fB\-CAfile filename\fR]
[\fB\-no\-CAfile\fR]
[\fB\-no\-CApath\fR]
[\fB\-reuse\fR]
[\fB\-new\fR]
[\fB\-verify depth\fR]
[\fB\-nameopt option\fR]
[\fB\-time seconds\fR]
[\fB\-ssl3\fR]
[\fB\-bugs\fR]
[\fB\-cipher cipherlist\fR]
[\fB\-ciphersuites val\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBs_time\fR command implements a generic \s-1SSL/TLS\s0 client which connects to a
remote host using \s-1SSL/TLS.\s0 It can request a page from the server and includes
the time to transfer the payload data in its timing measurements. It measures
the number of connections within a given timeframe, the amount of data
transferred (if any), and calculates the average time spent for one connection.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-connect host:port\fR" 4
.IX Item "-connect host:port"
This specifies the host and optional port to connect to.
.IP "\fB\-www page\fR" 4
.IX Item "-www page"
This specifies the page to \s-1GET\s0 from the server. A value of '/' gets the
index.htm[l] page. If this parameter is not specified, then \fBs_time\fR will only
perform the handshake to establish \s-1SSL\s0 connections but not transfer any
payload data.
.IP "\fB\-cert certname\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cert certname"
The certificate to use, if one is requested by the server. The default is
not to use a certificate. The file is in \s-1PEM\s0 format.
.IP "\fB\-key keyfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-key keyfile"
The private key to use. If not specified then the certificate file will
be used. The file is in \s-1PEM\s0 format.
.IP "\fB\-verify depth\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify depth"
The verify depth to use. This specifies the maximum length of the
server certificate chain and turns on server certificate verification.
Currently the verify operation continues after errors so all the problems
with a certificate chain can be seen. As a side effect the connection
will never fail due to a server certificate verify failure.
.IP "\fB\-nameopt option\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nameopt option"
Option which determines how the subject or issuer names are displayed. The
\&\fBoption\fR argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by
commas. Alternatively the \fB\-nameopt\fR switch may be used more than once to
set multiple options. See the \fBx509\fR\|(1) manual page for details.
.IP "\fB\-CApath directory\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CApath directory"
The directory to use for server certificate verification. This directory
must be in \*(L"hash format\*(R", see \fBverify\fR for more information. These are
also used when building the client certificate chain.
.IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CAfile file"
A file containing trusted certificates to use during server authentication
and to use when attempting to build the client certificate chain.
.IP "\fB\-no\-CAfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no-CAfile"
Do not load the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates from the default file location
.IP "\fB\-no\-CApath\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no-CApath"
Do not load the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates from the default directory location
.IP "\fB\-new\fR" 4
.IX Item "-new"
Performs the timing test using a new session \s-1ID\s0 for each connection.
If neither \fB\-new\fR nor \fB\-reuse\fR are specified, they are both on by default
and executed in sequence.
.IP "\fB\-reuse\fR" 4
.IX Item "-reuse"
Performs the timing test using the same session \s-1ID\s0; this can be used as a test
that session caching is working. If neither \fB\-new\fR nor \fB\-reuse\fR are
specified, they are both on by default and executed in sequence.
.IP "\fB\-ssl3\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ssl3"
This option disables the use of \s-1SSL\s0 version 3. By default
the initial handshake uses a method which should be compatible with all
servers and permit them to use \s-1SSL\s0 v3 or \s-1TLS\s0 as appropriate.
.Sp
The timing program is not as rich in options to turn protocols on and off as
the \fBs_client\fR\|(1) program and may not connect to all servers.
Unfortunately there are a lot of ancient and broken servers in use which
cannot handle this technique and will fail to connect. Some servers only
work if \s-1TLS\s0 is turned off with the \fB\-ssl3\fR option.
.Sp
Note that this option may not be available, depending on how
OpenSSL was built.
.IP "\fB\-bugs\fR" 4
.IX Item "-bugs"
There are several known bugs in \s-1SSL\s0 and \s-1TLS\s0 implementations. Adding this
option enables various workarounds.
.IP "\fB\-cipher cipherlist\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cipher cipherlist"
This allows the TLSv1.2 and below cipher list sent by the client to be modified.
This list will be combined with any TLSv1.3 ciphersuites that have been
configured. Although the server determines which cipher suite is used it should
take the first supported cipher in the list sent by the client. See
\&\fBciphers\fR\|(1) for more information.
.IP "\fB\-ciphersuites val\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ciphersuites val"
This allows the TLSv1.3 ciphersuites sent by the client to be modified. This
list will be combined with any TLSv1.2 and below ciphersuites that have been
configured. Although the server determines which cipher suite is used it should
take the first supported cipher in the list sent by the client. See
\&\fBciphers\fR\|(1) for more information. The format for this list is a simple
colon (\*(L":\*(R") separated list of TLSv1.3 ciphersuite names.
.IP "\fB\-time length\fR" 4
.IX Item "-time length"
Specifies how long (in seconds) \fBs_time\fR should establish connections and
optionally transfer payload data from a server. Server and client performance
and the link speed determine how many connections \fBs_time\fR can establish.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
\&\fBs_time\fR can be used to measure the performance of an \s-1SSL\s0 connection.
To connect to an \s-1SSL HTTP\s0 server and get the default page the command
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl s_time \-connect servername:443 \-www / \-CApath yourdir \-CAfile yourfile.pem \-cipher commoncipher [\-ssl3]
.Ve
.PP
would typically be used (https uses port 443). 'commoncipher' is a cipher to
which both client and server can agree, see the \fBciphers\fR\|(1) command
for details.
.PP
If the handshake fails then there are several possible causes, if it is
nothing obvious like no client certificate then the \fB\-bugs\fR and
\&\fB\-ssl3\fR options can be tried
in case it is a buggy server. In particular you should play with these
options \fBbefore\fR submitting a bug report to an OpenSSL mailing list.
.PP
A frequent problem when attempting to get client certificates working
is that a web client complains it has no certificates or gives an empty
list to choose from. This is normally because the server is not sending
the clients certificate authority in its \*(L"acceptable \s-1CA\s0 list\*(R" when it
requests a certificate. By using \fBs_client\fR\|(1) the \s-1CA\s0 list can be
viewed and checked. However some servers only request client authentication
after a specific \s-1URL\s0 is requested. To obtain the list in this case it
is necessary to use the \fB\-prexit\fR option of \fBs_client\fR\|(1) and
send an \s-1HTTP\s0 request for an appropriate page.
.PP
If a certificate is specified on the command line using the \fB\-cert\fR
option it will not be used unless the server specifically requests
a client certificate. Therefor merely including a client certificate
on the command line is no guarantee that the certificate works.
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
Because this program does not have all the options of the
\&\fBs_client\fR\|(1) program to turn protocols on and off, you may not be
able to measure the performance of all protocols with all servers.
.PP
The \fB\-verify\fR option should really exit if the server verification
fails.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBs_client\fR\|(1), \fBs_server\fR\|(1), \fBciphers\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2004\-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
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.\" ========================================================================
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.if t .sp .5v
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..
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.ft CW
.nf
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.ft R
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.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will
.\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
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.\"
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.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
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..
. if !\nF==2 \{\
. nr % 0
. nr F 2
. \}
. \}
.\}
.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
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.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
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\{\
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "SESS_ID 1"
.TH SESS_ID 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-sess_id, sess_id \- SSL/TLS session handling utility
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBsess_id\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-outform PEM|DER|NSS\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-context \s-1ID\s0\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBsess_id\fR process the encoded version of the \s-1SSL\s0 session structure
and optionally prints out \s-1SSL\s0 session details (for example the \s-1SSL\s0 session
master key) in human readable format. Since this is a diagnostic tool that
needs some knowledge of the \s-1SSL\s0 protocol to use properly, most users will
not need to use it.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform DER|PEM"
This specifies the input format. The \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR option uses an \s-1ASN1 DER\s0 encoded
format containing session details. The precise format can vary from one version
to the next. The \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR form is the default format: it consists of the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR
format base64 encoded with additional header and footer lines.
.IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM|NSS\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform DER|PEM|NSS"
This specifies the output format. The \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR and \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR options have the same meaning
and default as the \fB\-inform\fR option. The \fB\s-1NSS\s0\fR option outputs the session id and
the master key in \s-1NSS\s0 keylog format.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read session information from or standard
input by default.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
This specifies the output filename to write session information to or standard
output if this option is not specified.
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
Prints out the various public or private key components in
plain text in addition to the encoded version.
.IP "\fB\-cert\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cert"
If a certificate is present in the session it will be output using this option,
if the \fB\-text\fR option is also present then it will be printed out in text form.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
This option prevents output of the encoded version of the session.
.IP "\fB\-context \s-1ID\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "-context ID"
This option can set the session id so the output session information uses the
supplied \s-1ID.\s0 The \s-1ID\s0 can be any string of characters. This option won't normally
be used.
.SH "OUTPUT"
.IX Header "OUTPUT"
Typical output:
.PP
.Vb 10
\& SSL\-Session:
\& Protocol : TLSv1
\& Cipher : 0016
\& Session\-ID: 871E62626C554CE95488823752CBD5F3673A3EF3DCE9C67BD916C809914B40ED
\& Session\-ID\-ctx: 01000000
\& Master\-Key: A7CEFC571974BE02CAC305269DC59F76EA9F0B180CB6642697A68251F2D2BB57E51DBBB4C7885573192AE9AEE220FACD
\& Key\-Arg : None
\& Start Time: 948459261
\& Timeout : 300 (sec)
\& Verify return code 0 (ok)
.Ve
.PP
These are described below in more detail.
.IP "\fBProtocol\fR" 4
.IX Item "Protocol"
This is the protocol in use TLSv1.3, TLSv1.2, TLSv1.1, TLSv1 or SSLv3.
.IP "\fBCipher\fR" 4
.IX Item "Cipher"
The cipher used this is the actual raw \s-1SSL\s0 or \s-1TLS\s0 cipher code, see the \s-1SSL\s0
or \s-1TLS\s0 specifications for more information.
.IP "\fBSession-ID\fR" 4
.IX Item "Session-ID"
The \s-1SSL\s0 session \s-1ID\s0 in hex format.
.IP "\fBSession-ID-ctx\fR" 4
.IX Item "Session-ID-ctx"
The session \s-1ID\s0 context in hex format.
.IP "\fBMaster-Key\fR" 4
.IX Item "Master-Key"
This is the \s-1SSL\s0 session master key.
.IP "\fBStart Time\fR" 4
.IX Item "Start Time"
This is the session start time represented as an integer in standard
Unix format.
.IP "\fBTimeout\fR" 4
.IX Item "Timeout"
The timeout in seconds.
.IP "\fBVerify return code\fR" 4
.IX Item "Verify return code"
This is the return code when an \s-1SSL\s0 client certificate is verified.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The \s-1PEM\s0 encoded session format uses the header and footer lines:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN SSL SESSION PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END SSL SESSION PARAMETERS\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
Since the \s-1SSL\s0 session output contains the master key it is
possible to read the contents of an encrypted session using this
information. Therefore appropriate security precautions should be taken if
the information is being output by a \*(L"real\*(R" application. This is however
strongly discouraged and should only be used for debugging purposes.
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
The cipher and start time should be printed out in human readable form.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBciphers\fR\|(1), \fBs_server\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "SMIME 1"
.TH SMIME 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-smime, smime \- S/MIME utility
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBsmime\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-encrypt\fR]
[\fB\-decrypt\fR]
[\fB\-sign\fR]
[\fB\-resign\fR]
[\fB\-verify\fR]
[\fB\-pk7out\fR]
[\fB\-binary\fR]
[\fB\-crlfeol\fR]
[\fB\-\f(BIcipher\fB\fR]
[\fB\-in file\fR]
[\fB\-CAfile file\fR]
[\fB\-CApath dir\fR]
[\fB\-no\-CAfile\fR]
[\fB\-no\-CApath\fR]
[\fB\-attime timestamp\fR]
[\fB\-check_ss_sig\fR]
[\fB\-crl_check\fR]
[\fB\-crl_check_all\fR]
[\fB\-explicit_policy\fR]
[\fB\-extended_crl\fR]
[\fB\-ignore_critical\fR]
[\fB\-inhibit_any\fR]
[\fB\-inhibit_map\fR]
[\fB\-partial_chain\fR]
[\fB\-policy arg\fR]
[\fB\-policy_check\fR]
[\fB\-policy_print\fR]
[\fB\-purpose purpose\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_128\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_128_only\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_192\fR]
[\fB\-trusted_first\fR]
[\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR]
[\fB\-use_deltas\fR]
[\fB\-auth_level num\fR]
[\fB\-verify_depth num\fR]
[\fB\-verify_email email\fR]
[\fB\-verify_hostname hostname\fR]
[\fB\-verify_ip ip\fR]
[\fB\-verify_name name\fR]
[\fB\-x509_strict\fR]
[\fB\-certfile file\fR]
[\fB\-signer file\fR]
[\fB\-recip file\fR]
[\fB\-inform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
[\fB\-inkey file_or_id\fR]
[\fB\-out file\fR]
[\fB\-outform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR]
[\fB\-content file\fR]
[\fB\-to addr\fR]
[\fB\-from ad\fR]
[\fB\-subject s\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-indef\fR]
[\fB\-noindef\fR]
[\fB\-stream\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-md digest\fR]
[cert.pem]...
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBsmime\fR command handles S/MIME mail. It can encrypt, decrypt, sign and
verify S/MIME messages.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
There are six operation options that set the type of operation to be performed.
The meaning of the other options varies according to the operation type.
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-encrypt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-encrypt"
Encrypt mail for the given recipient certificates. Input file is the message
to be encrypted. The output file is the encrypted mail in \s-1MIME\s0 format.
.Sp
Note that no revocation check is done for the recipient cert, so if that
key has been compromised, others may be able to decrypt the text.
.IP "\fB\-decrypt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-decrypt"
Decrypt mail using the supplied certificate and private key. Expects an
encrypted mail message in \s-1MIME\s0 format for the input file. The decrypted mail
is written to the output file.
.IP "\fB\-sign\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sign"
Sign mail using the supplied certificate and private key. Input file is
the message to be signed. The signed message in \s-1MIME\s0 format is written
to the output file.
.IP "\fB\-verify\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify"
Verify signed mail. Expects a signed mail message on input and outputs
the signed data. Both clear text and opaque signing is supported.
.IP "\fB\-pk7out\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pk7out"
Takes an input message and writes out a \s-1PEM\s0 encoded PKCS#7 structure.
.IP "\fB\-resign\fR" 4
.IX Item "-resign"
Resign a message: take an existing message and one or more new signers.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
The input message to be encrypted or signed or the \s-1MIME\s0 message to
be decrypted or verified.
.IP "\fB\-inform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform SMIME|PEM|DER"
This specifies the input format for the PKCS#7 structure. The default
is \fB\s-1SMIME\s0\fR which reads an S/MIME format message. \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR and \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR
format change this to expect \s-1PEM\s0 and \s-1DER\s0 format PKCS#7 structures
instead. This currently only affects the input format of the PKCS#7
structure, if no PKCS#7 structure is being input (for example with
\&\fB\-encrypt\fR or \fB\-sign\fR) this option has no effect.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
The message text that has been decrypted or verified or the output \s-1MIME\s0
format message that has been signed or verified.
.IP "\fB\-outform SMIME|PEM|DER\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform SMIME|PEM|DER"
This specifies the output format for the PKCS#7 structure. The default
is \fB\s-1SMIME\s0\fR which write an S/MIME format message. \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR and \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR
format change this to write \s-1PEM\s0 and \s-1DER\s0 format PKCS#7 structures
instead. This currently only affects the output format of the PKCS#7
structure, if no PKCS#7 structure is being output (for example with
\&\fB\-verify\fR or \fB\-decrypt\fR) this option has no effect.
.IP "\fB\-stream \-indef \-noindef\fR" 4
.IX Item "-stream -indef -noindef"
The \fB\-stream\fR and \fB\-indef\fR options are equivalent and enable streaming I/O
for encoding operations. This permits single pass processing of data without
the need to hold the entire contents in memory, potentially supporting very
large files. Streaming is automatically set for S/MIME signing with detached
data if the output format is \fB\s-1SMIME\s0\fR it is currently off by default for all
other operations.
.IP "\fB\-noindef\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noindef"
Disable streaming I/O where it would produce and indefinite length constructed
encoding. This option currently has no effect. In future streaming will be
enabled by default on all relevant operations and this option will disable it.
.IP "\fB\-content filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-content filename"
This specifies a file containing the detached content, this is only
useful with the \fB\-verify\fR command. This is only usable if the PKCS#7
structure is using the detached signature form where the content is
not included. This option will override any content if the input format
is S/MIME and it uses the multipart/signed \s-1MIME\s0 content type.
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
This option adds plain text (text/plain) \s-1MIME\s0 headers to the supplied
message if encrypting or signing. If decrypting or verifying it strips
off text headers: if the decrypted or verified message is not of \s-1MIME\s0
type text/plain then an error occurs.
.IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CAfile file"
A file containing trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates, only used with \fB\-verify\fR.
.IP "\fB\-CApath dir\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CApath dir"
A directory containing trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates, only used with
\&\fB\-verify\fR. This directory must be a standard certificate directory: that
is a hash of each subject name (using \fBx509 \-hash\fR) should be linked
to each certificate.
.IP "\fB\-no\-CAfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no-CAfile"
Do not load the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates from the default file location.
.IP "\fB\-no\-CApath\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no-CApath"
Do not load the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates from the default directory location.
.IP "\fB\-md digest\fR" 4
.IX Item "-md digest"
Digest algorithm to use when signing or resigning. If not present then the
default digest algorithm for the signing key will be used (usually \s-1SHA1\s0).
.IP "\fB\-\f(BIcipher\fB\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cipher"
The encryption algorithm to use. For example \s-1DES\s0 (56 bits) \- \fB\-des\fR,
triple \s-1DES\s0 (168 bits) \- \fB\-des3\fR,
\&\fBEVP_get_cipherbyname()\fR function) can also be used preceded by a dash, for
example \fB\-aes\-128\-cbc\fR. See \fBenc\fR for list of ciphers
supported by your version of OpenSSL.
.Sp
If not specified triple \s-1DES\s0 is used. Only used with \fB\-encrypt\fR.
.IP "\fB\-nointern\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nointern"
When verifying a message normally certificates (if any) included in
the message are searched for the signing certificate. With this option
only the certificates specified in the \fB\-certfile\fR option are used.
The supplied certificates can still be used as untrusted CAs however.
.IP "\fB\-noverify\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noverify"
Do not verify the signers certificate of a signed message.
.IP "\fB\-nochain\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nochain"
Do not do chain verification of signers certificates: that is don't
use the certificates in the signed message as untrusted CAs.
.IP "\fB\-nosigs\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nosigs"
Don't try to verify the signatures on the message.
.IP "\fB\-nocerts\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nocerts"
When signing a message the signer's certificate is normally included
with this option it is excluded. This will reduce the size of the
signed message but the verifier must have a copy of the signers certificate
available locally (passed using the \fB\-certfile\fR option for example).
.IP "\fB\-noattr\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noattr"
Normally when a message is signed a set of attributes are included which
include the signing time and supported symmetric algorithms. With this
option they are not included.
.IP "\fB\-binary\fR" 4
.IX Item "-binary"
Normally the input message is converted to \*(L"canonical\*(R" format which is
effectively using \s-1CR\s0 and \s-1LF\s0 as end of line: as required by the S/MIME
specification. When this option is present no translation occurs. This
is useful when handling binary data which may not be in \s-1MIME\s0 format.
.IP "\fB\-crlfeol\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crlfeol"
Normally the output file uses a single \fB\s-1LF\s0\fR as end of line. When this
option is present \fB\s-1CRLF\s0\fR is used instead.
.IP "\fB\-nodetach\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nodetach"
When signing a message use opaque signing: this form is more resistant
to translation by mail relays but it cannot be read by mail agents that
do not support S/MIME. Without this option cleartext signing with
the \s-1MIME\s0 type multipart/signed is used.
.IP "\fB\-certfile file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-certfile file"
Allows additional certificates to be specified. When signing these will
be included with the message. When verifying these will be searched for
the signers certificates. The certificates should be in \s-1PEM\s0 format.
.IP "\fB\-signer file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-signer file"
A signing certificate when signing or resigning a message, this option can be
used multiple times if more than one signer is required. If a message is being
verified then the signers certificates will be written to this file if the
verification was successful.
.IP "\fB\-recip file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-recip file"
The recipients certificate when decrypting a message. This certificate
must match one of the recipients of the message or an error occurs.
.IP "\fB\-inkey file_or_id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inkey file_or_id"
The private key to use when signing or decrypting. This must match the
corresponding certificate. If this option is not specified then the
private key must be included in the certificate file specified with
the \fB\-recip\fR or \fB\-signer\fR file. When signing this option can be used
multiple times to specify successive keys.
If no engine is used, the argument is taken as a file; if an engine is
specified, the argument is given to the engine as a key identifier.
.IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passin arg"
The private key password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fBcert.pem...\fR" 4
.IX Item "cert.pem..."
One or more certificates of message recipients: used when encrypting
a message.
.IP "\fB\-to, \-from, \-subject\fR" 4
.IX Item "-to, -from, -subject"
The relevant mail headers. These are included outside the signed
portion of a message so they may be included manually. If signing
then many S/MIME mail clients check the signers certificate's email
address matches that specified in the From: address.
.IP "\fB\-attime\fR, \fB\-check_ss_sig\fR, \fB\-crl_check\fR, \fB\-crl_check_all\fR, \fB\-explicit_policy\fR, \fB\-extended_crl\fR, \fB\-ignore_critical\fR, \fB\-inhibit_any\fR, \fB\-inhibit_map\fR, \fB\-no_alt_chains\fR, \fB\-partial_chain\fR, \fB\-policy\fR, \fB\-policy_check\fR, \fB\-policy_print\fR, \fB\-purpose\fR, \fB\-suiteB_128\fR, \fB\-suiteB_128_only\fR, \fB\-suiteB_192\fR, \fB\-trusted_first\fR, \fB\-use_deltas\fR, \fB\-auth_level\fR, \fB\-verify_depth\fR, \fB\-verify_email\fR, \fB\-verify_hostname\fR, \fB\-verify_ip\fR, \fB\-verify_name\fR, \fB\-x509_strict\fR" 4
.IX Item "-attime, -check_ss_sig, -crl_check, -crl_check_all, -explicit_policy, -extended_crl, -ignore_critical, -inhibit_any, -inhibit_map, -no_alt_chains, -partial_chain, -policy, -policy_check, -policy_print, -purpose, -suiteB_128, -suiteB_128_only, -suiteB_192, -trusted_first, -use_deltas, -auth_level, -verify_depth, -verify_email, -verify_hostname, -verify_ip, -verify_name, -x509_strict"
Set various options of certificate chain verification. See
\&\fBverify\fR\|(1) manual page for details.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The \s-1MIME\s0 message must be sent without any blank lines between the
headers and the output. Some mail programs will automatically add
a blank line. Piping the mail directly to sendmail is one way to
achieve the correct format.
.PP
The supplied message to be signed or encrypted must include the
necessary \s-1MIME\s0 headers or many S/MIME clients won't display it
properly (if at all). You can use the \fB\-text\fR option to automatically
add plain text headers.
.PP
A \*(L"signed and encrypted\*(R" message is one where a signed message is
then encrypted. This can be produced by encrypting an already signed
message: see the examples section.
.PP
This version of the program only allows one signer per message but it
will verify multiple signers on received messages. Some S/MIME clients
choke if a message contains multiple signers. It is possible to sign
messages \*(L"in parallel\*(R" by signing an already signed message.
.PP
The options \fB\-encrypt\fR and \fB\-decrypt\fR reflect common usage in S/MIME
clients. Strictly speaking these process PKCS#7 enveloped data: PKCS#7
encrypted data is used for other purposes.
.PP
The \fB\-resign\fR option uses an existing message digest when adding a new
signer. This means that attributes must be present in at least one existing
signer using the same message digest or this operation will fail.
.PP
The \fB\-stream\fR and \fB\-indef\fR options enable streaming I/O support.
As a result the encoding is \s-1BER\s0 using indefinite length constructed encoding
and no longer \s-1DER.\s0 Streaming is supported for the \fB\-encrypt\fR operation and the
\&\fB\-sign\fR operation if the content is not detached.
.PP
Streaming is always used for the \fB\-sign\fR operation with detached data but
since the content is no longer part of the PKCS#7 structure the encoding
remains \s-1DER.\s0
.SH "EXIT CODES"
.IX Header "EXIT CODES"
.IP "0" 4
The operation was completely successfully.
.IP "1" 4
.IX Item "1"
An error occurred parsing the command options.
.IP "2" 4
.IX Item "2"
One of the input files could not be read.
.IP "3" 4
.IX Item "3"
An error occurred creating the PKCS#7 file or when reading the \s-1MIME\s0
message.
.IP "4" 4
.IX Item "4"
An error occurred decrypting or verifying the message.
.IP "5" 4
.IX Item "5"
The message was verified correctly but an error occurred writing out
the signers certificates.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Create a cleartext signed message:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl smime \-sign \-in message.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \e
\& \-signer mycert.pem
.Ve
.PP
Create an opaque signed message:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl smime \-sign \-in message.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \-nodetach \e
\& \-signer mycert.pem
.Ve
.PP
Create a signed message, include some additional certificates and
read the private key from another file:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl smime \-sign \-in in.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \e
\& \-signer mycert.pem \-inkey mykey.pem \-certfile mycerts.pem
.Ve
.PP
Create a signed message with two signers:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl smime \-sign \-in message.txt \-text \-out mail.msg \e
\& \-signer mycert.pem \-signer othercert.pem
.Ve
.PP
Send a signed message under Unix directly to sendmail, including headers:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& openssl smime \-sign \-in in.txt \-text \-signer mycert.pem \e
\& \-from steve@openssl.org \-to someone@somewhere \e
\& \-subject "Signed message" | sendmail someone@somewhere
.Ve
.PP
Verify a message and extract the signer's certificate if successful:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl smime \-verify \-in mail.msg \-signer user.pem \-out signedtext.txt
.Ve
.PP
Send encrypted mail using triple \s-1DES:\s0
.PP
.Vb 3
\& openssl smime \-encrypt \-in in.txt \-from steve@openssl.org \e
\& \-to someone@somewhere \-subject "Encrypted message" \e
\& \-des3 user.pem \-out mail.msg
.Ve
.PP
Sign and encrypt mail:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& openssl smime \-sign \-in ml.txt \-signer my.pem \-text \e
\& | openssl smime \-encrypt \-out mail.msg \e
\& \-from steve@openssl.org \-to someone@somewhere \e
\& \-subject "Signed and Encrypted message" \-des3 user.pem
.Ve
.PP
Note: the encryption command does not include the \fB\-text\fR option because the
message being encrypted already has \s-1MIME\s0 headers.
.PP
Decrypt mail:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl smime \-decrypt \-in mail.msg \-recip mycert.pem \-inkey key.pem
.Ve
.PP
The output from Netscape form signing is a PKCS#7 structure with the
detached signature format. You can use this program to verify the
signature by line wrapping the base64 encoded structure and surrounding
it with:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN PKCS7\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END PKCS7\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
and using the command:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl smime \-verify \-inform PEM \-in signature.pem \-content content.txt
.Ve
.PP
Alternatively you can base64 decode the signature and use:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl smime \-verify \-inform DER \-in signature.der \-content content.txt
.Ve
.PP
Create an encrypted message using 128 bit Camellia:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl smime \-encrypt \-in plain.txt \-camellia128 \-out mail.msg cert.pem
.Ve
.PP
Add a signer to an existing message:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl smime \-resign \-in mail.msg \-signer newsign.pem \-out mail2.msg
.Ve
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
The \s-1MIME\s0 parser isn't very clever: it seems to handle most messages that I've
thrown at it but it may choke on others.
.PP
The code currently will only write out the signer's certificate to a file: if
the signer has a separate encryption certificate this must be manually
extracted. There should be some heuristic that determines the correct
encryption certificate.
.PP
Ideally a database should be maintained of a certificates for each email
address.
.PP
The code doesn't currently take note of the permitted symmetric encryption
algorithms as supplied in the SMIMECapabilities signed attribute. This means the
user has to manually include the correct encryption algorithm. It should store
the list of permitted ciphers in a database and only use those.
.PP
No revocation checking is done on the signer's certificate.
.PP
The current code can only handle S/MIME v2 messages, the more complex S/MIME v3
structures may cause parsing errors.
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
The use of multiple \fB\-signer\fR options and the \fB\-resign\fR command were first
added in OpenSSL 1.0.0
.PP
The \-no_alt_chains option was added in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2017 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
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.if n .sp
..
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.nf
.ne \\$1
..
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.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
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.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
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.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
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. ds L" ""
. ds R" ""
. ds C` ""
. ds C' ""
'br\}
.el\{\
. ds -- \|\(em\|
. ds PI \(*p
. ds L" ``
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. ds C`
. ds C'
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.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
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.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
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.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
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..
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.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
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. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
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. ds #V .6m
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.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
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.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
. \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
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. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
. ds : e
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. ds o a
. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
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. ds th \o'bp'
. ds Th \o'LP'
. ds ae ae
. ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "SPEED 1"
.TH SPEED 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-speed, speed \- test library performance
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl speed\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fB\-elapsed\fR]
[\fB\-evp algo\fR]
[\fB\-decrypt\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-primes num\fR]
[\fB\-seconds num\fR]
[\fB\-bytes num\fR]
[\fBalgorithm...\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
This command is used to test the performance of cryptographic algorithms.
To see the list of supported algorithms, use the \fIlist \-\-digest\-commands\fR
or \fIlist \-\-cipher\-commands\fR command. The global \s-1CSPRNG\s0 is denoted by
the \fIrand\fR algorithm name.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBspeed\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.IP "\fB\-elapsed\fR" 4
.IX Item "-elapsed"
When calculating operations\- or bytes-per-second, use wall-clock time
instead of \s-1CPU\s0 user time as divisor. It can be useful when testing speed
of hardware engines.
.IP "\fB\-evp algo\fR" 4
.IX Item "-evp algo"
Use the specified cipher or message digest algorithm via the \s-1EVP\s0 interface.
If \fBalgo\fR is an \s-1AEAD\s0 cipher, then you can pass <\-aead> to benchmark a
TLS-like sequence. And if \fBalgo\fR is a multi-buffer capable cipher, e.g.
aes\-128\-cbc\-hmac\-sha1, then \fB\-mb\fR will time multi-buffer operation.
.IP "\fB\-decrypt\fR" 4
.IX Item "-decrypt"
Time the decryption instead of encryption. Affects only the \s-1EVP\s0 testing.
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fB\-primes num\fR" 4
.IX Item "-primes num"
Generate a \fBnum\fR\-prime \s-1RSA\s0 key and use it to run the benchmarks. This option
is only effective if \s-1RSA\s0 algorithm is specified to test.
.IP "\fB\-seconds num\fR" 4
.IX Item "-seconds num"
Run benchmarks for \fBnum\fR seconds.
.IP "\fB\-bytes num\fR" 4
.IX Item "-bytes num"
Run benchmarks on \fBnum\fR\-byte buffers. Affects ciphers, digests and the \s-1CSPRNG.\s0
.IP "\fB[zero or more test algorithms]\fR" 4
.IX Item "[zero or more test algorithms]"
If any options are given, \fBspeed\fR tests those algorithms, otherwise a
pre-compiled grand selection is tested.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
.\" Standard preamble:
.\" ========================================================================
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will
.\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
.ie n \{\
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. ds R" ""
. ds C` ""
. ds C' ""
'br\}
.el\{\
. ds -- \|\(em\|
. ds PI \(*p
. ds L" ``
. ds R" ''
. ds C`
. ds C'
'br\}
.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
. if \nF \{\
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..
. if !\nF==2 \{\
. nr % 0
. nr F 2
. \}
. \}
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.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
. ds #H 0
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.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
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.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
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.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
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.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "SPKAC 1"
.TH SPKAC 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-spkac, spkac \- SPKAC printing and generating utility
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBspkac\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-key keyfile\fR]
[\fB\-keyform PEM|DER|ENGINE\fR]
[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
[\fB\-challenge string\fR]
[\fB\-pubkey\fR]
[\fB\-spkac spkacname\fR]
[\fB\-spksect section\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-verify\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBspkac\fR command processes Netscape signed public key and challenge
(\s-1SPKAC\s0) files. It can print out their contents, verify the signature and
produce its own SPKACs from a supplied private key.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read from or standard input if this
option is not specified. Ignored if the \fB\-key\fR option is used.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
Specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by
default.
.IP "\fB\-key keyfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-key keyfile"
Create an \s-1SPKAC\s0 file using the private key in \fBkeyfile\fR. The
\&\fB\-in\fR, \fB\-noout\fR, \fB\-spksect\fR and \fB\-verify\fR options are ignored if
present.
.IP "\fB\-keyform PEM|DER|ENGINE\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keyform PEM|DER|ENGINE"
Whether the key format is \s-1PEM, DER,\s0 or an engine-backed key.
The default is \s-1PEM.\s0
.IP "\fB\-passin password\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passin password"
The input file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-challenge string\fR" 4
.IX Item "-challenge string"
Specifies the challenge string if an \s-1SPKAC\s0 is being created.
.IP "\fB\-spkac spkacname\fR" 4
.IX Item "-spkac spkacname"
Allows an alternative name form the variable containing the
\&\s-1SPKAC.\s0 The default is \*(L"\s-1SPKAC\*(R".\s0 This option affects both
generated and input \s-1SPKAC\s0 files.
.IP "\fB\-spksect section\fR" 4
.IX Item "-spksect section"
Allows an alternative name form the section containing the
\&\s-1SPKAC.\s0 The default is the default section.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
Don't output the text version of the \s-1SPKAC\s0 (not used if an
\&\s-1SPKAC\s0 is being created).
.IP "\fB\-pubkey\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pubkey"
Output the public key of an \s-1SPKAC\s0 (not used if an \s-1SPKAC\s0 is
being created).
.IP "\fB\-verify\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify"
Verifies the digital signature on the supplied \s-1SPKAC.\s0
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBspkac\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Print out the contents of an \s-1SPKAC:\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl spkac \-in spkac.cnf
.Ve
.PP
Verify the signature of an \s-1SPKAC:\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl spkac \-in spkac.cnf \-noout \-verify
.Ve
.PP
Create an \s-1SPKAC\s0 using the challenge string \*(L"hello\*(R":
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl spkac \-key key.pem \-challenge hello \-out spkac.cnf
.Ve
.PP
Example of an \s-1SPKAC,\s0 (long lines split up for clarity):
.PP
.Vb 6
\& SPKAC=MIG5MGUwXDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAANLADBIAkEA\e
\& 1cCoq2Wa3Ixs47uI7FPVwHVIPDx5yso105Y6zpozam135a\e
\& 8R0CpoRvkkigIyXfcCjiVi5oWk+6FfPaD03uPFoQIDAQAB\e
\& FgVoZWxsbzANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQQFAANBAFpQtY/FojdwkJ\e
\& h1bEIYuc2EeM2KHTWPEepWYeawvHD0gQ3DngSC75YCWnnD\e
\& dq+NQ3F+X4deMx9AaEglZtULwV4=
.Ve
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
A created \s-1SPKAC\s0 with suitable \s-1DN\s0 components appended can be fed into
the \fBca\fR utility.
.PP
SPKACs are typically generated by Netscape when a form is submitted
containing the \fB\s-1KEYGEN\s0\fR tag as part of the certificate enrollment
process.
.PP
The challenge string permits a primitive form of proof of possession
of private key. By checking the \s-1SPKAC\s0 signature and a random challenge
string some guarantee is given that the user knows the private key
corresponding to the public key being certified. This is important in
some applications. Without this it is possible for a previous \s-1SPKAC\s0
to be used in a \*(L"replay attack\*(R".
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBca\fR\|(1)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
.\" Standard preamble:
.\" ========================================================================
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will
.\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
.ie n \{\
. ds -- \(*W-
. ds PI pi
. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\" diablo 12 pitch
. ds L" ""
. ds R" ""
. ds C` ""
. ds C' ""
'br\}
.el\{\
. ds -- \|\(em\|
. ds PI \(*p
. ds L" ``
. ds R" ''
. ds C`
. ds C'
'br\}
.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
. if \nF \{\
. de IX
. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
..
. if !\nF==2 \{\
. nr % 0
. nr F 2
. \}
. \}
.\}
.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
. ds #H 0
. ds #V .8m
. ds #F .3m
. ds #[ \f1
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. ds #V .6m
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. ds #[ \&
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. \" simple accents for nroff and troff
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. ds ' \&
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.if t \{\
. ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
. ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
. ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
. ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
. ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
. ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
.\}
. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
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.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
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.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]
.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
. \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
. ds : e
. ds 8 ss
. ds o a
. ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
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. ds th \o'bp'
. ds Th \o'LP'
. ds ae ae
. ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "SRP 1"
.TH SRP 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-srp, srp \- maintain SRP password file
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl srp\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-verbose\fR]
[\fB\-add\fR]
[\fB\-modify\fR]
[\fB\-delete\fR]
[\fB\-list\fR]
[\fB\-name section\fR]
[\fB\-config file\fR]
[\fB\-srpvfile file\fR]
[\fB\-gn identifier\fR]
[\fB\-userinfo text...\fR]
[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
[\fB\-passout arg\fR]
[\fIuser...\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBsrp\fR command is user to maintain an \s-1SRP\s0 (secure remote password)
file.
At most one of the \fB\-add\fR, \fB\-modify\fR, \fB\-delete\fR, and \fB\-list\fR options
can be specified.
These options take zero or more usernames as parameters and perform the
appropriate operation on the \s-1SRP\s0 file.
For \fB\-list\fR, if no \fBuser\fR is given then all users are displayed.
.PP
The configuration file to use, and the section within the file, can be
specified with the \fB\-config\fR and \fB\-name\fR flags, respectively.
If the config file is not specified, the \fB\-srpvfile\fR can be used to
just specify the file to operate on.
.PP
The \fB\-userinfo\fR option specifies additional information to add when
adding or modifying a user.
.PP
The \fB\-gn\fR flag specifies the \fBg\fR and \fBN\fR values, using one of
the strengths defined in \s-1IETF RFC 5054.\s0
.PP
The \fB\-passin\fR and \fB\-passout\fR arguments are parsed as described in
the \fBopenssl\fR\|(1) command.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "[\fB\-help\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-help]"
Display an option summary.
.IP "[\fB\-verbose\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-verbose]"
Generate verbose output while processing.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2017 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
.\" Standard preamble:
.\" ========================================================================
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will
.\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
.ie n \{\
. ds -- \(*W-
. ds PI pi
. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
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. ds L" ""
. ds R" ""
. ds C` ""
. ds C' ""
'br\}
.el\{\
. ds -- \|\(em\|
. ds PI \(*p
. ds L" ``
. ds R" ''
. ds C`
. ds C'
'br\}
.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
. if \nF \{\
. de IX
. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
..
. if !\nF==2 \{\
. nr % 0
. nr F 2
. \}
. \}
.\}
.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
. ds #H 0
. ds #V .8m
. ds #F .3m
. ds #[ \f1
. ds #] \fP
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.if t \{\
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. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
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.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
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.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]
.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
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.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
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. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
. ds : e
. ds 8 ss
. ds o a
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. ds th \o'bp'
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. ds ae ae
. ds Ae AE
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "STOREUTL 1"
.TH STOREUTL 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-storeutl, storeutl \- STORE utility
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBstoreutl\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-out file\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
[\fB\-text arg\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fB\-r\fR]
[\fB\-certs\fR]
[\fB\-keys\fR]
[\fB\-crls\fR]
[\fB\-subject arg\fR]
[\fB\-issuer arg\fR]
[\fB\-serial arg\fR]
[\fB\-alias arg\fR]
[\fB\-fingerprint arg\fR]
[\fB\-\f(BIdigest\fB\fR]
\&\fBuri\fR ...
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBstoreutl\fR command can be used to display the contents (after decryption
as the case may be) fetched from the given URIs.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by
default.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
this option prevents output of the \s-1PEM\s0 data.
.IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passin arg"
the key password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
Prints out the objects in text form, similarly to the \fB\-text\fR output from
\&\fBopenssl x509\fR, \fBopenssl pkey\fR, etc.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBstoreutl\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed.
The engine will then be set as the default for all available algorithms.
.IP "\fB\-r\fR" 4
.IX Item "-r"
Fetch objects recursively when possible.
.IP "\fB\-certs\fR" 4
.IX Item "-certs"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-keys\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keys"
.IP "\fB\-crls\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crls"
.PD
Only select the certificates, keys or CRLs from the given \s-1URI.\s0
However, if this \s-1URI\s0 would return a set of names (URIs), those are always
returned.
.IP "\fB\-subject arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-subject arg"
Search for an object having the subject name \fBarg\fR.
The arg must be formatted as \fI/type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=...\fR.
Keyword characters may be escaped by \e (backslash), and whitespace is retained.
Empty values are permitted but are ignored for the search. That is,
a search with an empty value will have the same effect as not specifying
the type at all.
.IP "\fB\-issuer arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-issuer arg"
.PD 0
.IP "\fB\-serial arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-serial arg"
.PD
Search for an object having the given issuer name and serial number.
These two options \fImust\fR be used together.
The issuer arg must be formatted as \fI/type0=value0/type1=value1/type2=...\fR,
characters may be escaped by \e (backslash), no spaces are skipped.
The serial arg may be specified as a decimal value or a hex value if preceded
by \fB0x\fR.
.IP "\fB\-alias arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-alias arg"
Search for an object having the given alias.
.IP "\fB\-fingerprint arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-fingerprint arg"
Search for an object having the given fingerprint.
.IP "\fB\-\f(BIdigest\fB\fR" 4
.IX Item "-digest"
The digest that was used to compute the fingerprint given with \fB\-fingerprint\fR.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBopenssl\fR\|(1)
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
The \fBopenssl\fR \fBstoreutl\fR app was added in OpenSSL 1.1.1.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2016\-2018 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
.\" Standard preamble:
.\" ========================================================================
.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
.ft CW
.nf
.ne \\$1
..
.de Ve \" End verbatim text
.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will
.\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
.ie n \{\
. ds -- \(*W-
. ds PI pi
. if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
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'br\}
.el\{\
. ds -- \|\(em\|
. ds PI \(*p
. ds L" ``
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. ds C`
. ds C'
'br\}
.\"
.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
. if \nF \{\
. de IX
. tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
..
. if !\nF==2 \{\
. nr % 0
. nr F 2
. \}
. \}
.\}
.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
. ds #H 0
. ds #V .8m
. ds #F .3m
. ds #[ \f1
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.\}
. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "TS 1"
.TH TS 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-ts, ts \- Time Stamping Authority tool (client/server)
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBts\fR
\&\fB\-query\fR
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-config\fR configfile]
[\fB\-data\fR file_to_hash]
[\fB\-digest\fR digest_bytes]
[\fB\-\f(BIdigest\fB\fR]
[\fB\-tspolicy\fR object_id]
[\fB\-no_nonce\fR]
[\fB\-cert\fR]
[\fB\-in\fR request.tsq]
[\fB\-out\fR request.tsq]
[\fB\-text\fR]
.PP
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBts\fR
\&\fB\-reply\fR
[\fB\-config\fR configfile]
[\fB\-section\fR tsa_section]
[\fB\-queryfile\fR request.tsq]
[\fB\-passin\fR password_src]
[\fB\-signer\fR tsa_cert.pem]
[\fB\-inkey\fR file_or_id]
[\fB\-\f(BIdigest\fB\fR]
[\fB\-chain\fR certs_file.pem]
[\fB\-tspolicy\fR object_id]
[\fB\-in\fR response.tsr]
[\fB\-token_in\fR]
[\fB\-out\fR response.tsr]
[\fB\-token_out\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-engine\fR id]
.PP
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBts\fR
\&\fB\-verify\fR
[\fB\-data\fR file_to_hash]
[\fB\-digest\fR digest_bytes]
[\fB\-queryfile\fR request.tsq]
[\fB\-in\fR response.tsr]
[\fB\-token_in\fR]
[\fB\-CApath\fR trusted_cert_path]
[\fB\-CAfile\fR trusted_certs.pem]
[\fB\-untrusted\fR cert_file.pem]
[\fIverify options\fR]
.PP
\&\fIverify options:\fR
[\-attime timestamp]
[\-check_ss_sig]
[\-crl_check]
[\-crl_check_all]
[\-explicit_policy]
[\-extended_crl]
[\-ignore_critical]
[\-inhibit_any]
[\-inhibit_map]
[\-issuer_checks]
[\-no_alt_chains]
[\-no_check_time]
[\-partial_chain]
[\-policy arg]
[\-policy_check]
[\-policy_print]
[\-purpose purpose]
[\-suiteB_128]
[\-suiteB_128_only]
[\-suiteB_192]
[\-trusted_first]
[\-use_deltas]
[\-auth_level num]
[\-verify_depth num]
[\-verify_email email]
[\-verify_hostname hostname]
[\-verify_ip ip]
[\-verify_name name]
[\-x509_strict]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBts\fR command is a basic Time Stamping Authority (\s-1TSA\s0) client and server
application as specified in \s-1RFC 3161\s0 (Time-Stamp Protocol, \s-1TSP\s0). A
\&\s-1TSA\s0 can be part of a \s-1PKI\s0 deployment and its role is to provide long
term proof of the existence of a certain datum before a particular
time. Here is a brief description of the protocol:
.IP "1." 4
The \s-1TSA\s0 client computes a one-way hash value for a data file and sends
the hash to the \s-1TSA.\s0
.IP "2." 4
The \s-1TSA\s0 attaches the current date and time to the received hash value,
signs them and sends the time stamp token back to the client. By
creating this token the \s-1TSA\s0 certifies the existence of the original
data file at the time of response generation.
.IP "3." 4
The \s-1TSA\s0 client receives the time stamp token and verifies the
signature on it. It also checks if the token contains the same hash
value that it had sent to the \s-1TSA.\s0
.PP
There is one \s-1DER\s0 encoded protocol data unit defined for transporting a time
stamp request to the \s-1TSA\s0 and one for sending the time stamp response
back to the client. The \fBts\fR command has three main functions:
creating a time stamp request based on a data file,
creating a time stamp response based on a request, verifying if a
response corresponds to a particular request or a data file.
.PP
There is no support for sending the requests/responses automatically
over \s-1HTTP\s0 or \s-1TCP\s0 yet as suggested in \s-1RFC 3161.\s0 The users must send the
requests either by ftp or e\-mail.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.SS "Time Stamp Request generation"
.IX Subsection "Time Stamp Request generation"
The \fB\-query\fR switch can be used for creating and printing a time stamp
request with the following options:
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fB\-config\fR configfile" 4
.IX Item "-config configfile"
The configuration file to use.
Optional; for a description of the default value,
see \*(L"\s-1COMMAND SUMMARY\*(R"\s0 in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-data\fR file_to_hash" 4
.IX Item "-data file_to_hash"
The data file for which the time stamp request needs to be
created. stdin is the default if neither the \fB\-data\fR nor the \fB\-digest\fR
parameter is specified. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-digest\fR digest_bytes" 4
.IX Item "-digest digest_bytes"
It is possible to specify the message imprint explicitly without the data
file. The imprint must be specified in a hexadecimal format, two characters
per byte, the bytes optionally separated by colons (e.g. 1A:F6:01:... or
1AF601...). The number of bytes must match the message digest algorithm
in use. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-\f(BIdigest\fB\fR" 4
.IX Item "-digest"
The message digest to apply to the data file.
Any digest supported by the OpenSSL \fBdgst\fR command can be used.
The default is \s-1SHA\-1.\s0 (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-tspolicy\fR object_id" 4
.IX Item "-tspolicy object_id"
The policy that the client expects the \s-1TSA\s0 to use for creating the
time stamp token. Either the dotted \s-1OID\s0 notation or \s-1OID\s0 names defined
in the config file can be used. If no policy is requested the \s-1TSA\s0 will
use its own default policy. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-no_nonce\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_nonce"
No nonce is specified in the request if this option is
given. Otherwise a 64 bit long pseudo-random none is
included in the request. It is recommended to use nonce to
protect against replay-attacks. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-cert\fR" 4
.IX Item "-cert"
The \s-1TSA\s0 is expected to include its signing certificate in the
response. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-in\fR request.tsq" 4
.IX Item "-in request.tsq"
This option specifies a previously created time stamp request in \s-1DER\s0
format that will be printed into the output file. Useful when you need
to examine the content of a request in human-readable
format. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-out\fR request.tsq" 4
.IX Item "-out request.tsq"
Name of the output file to which the request will be written. Default
is stdout. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
If this option is specified the output is human-readable text format
instead of \s-1DER.\s0 (Optional)
.SS "Time Stamp Response generation"
.IX Subsection "Time Stamp Response generation"
A time stamp response (TimeStampResp) consists of a response status
and the time stamp token itself (ContentInfo), if the token generation was
successful. The \fB\-reply\fR command is for creating a time stamp
response or time stamp token based on a request and printing the
response/token in human-readable format. If \fB\-token_out\fR is not
specified the output is always a time stamp response (TimeStampResp),
otherwise it is a time stamp token (ContentInfo).
.IP "\fB\-config\fR configfile" 4
.IX Item "-config configfile"
The configuration file to use.
Optional; for a description of the default value,
see \*(L"\s-1COMMAND SUMMARY\*(R"\s0 in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
See \fB\s-1CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS\s0\fR for configurable variables.
.IP "\fB\-section\fR tsa_section" 4
.IX Item "-section tsa_section"
The name of the config file section containing the settings for the
response generation. If not specified the default \s-1TSA\s0 section is
used, see \fB\s-1CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS\s0\fR for details. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-queryfile\fR request.tsq" 4
.IX Item "-queryfile request.tsq"
The name of the file containing a \s-1DER\s0 encoded time stamp request. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-passin\fR password_src" 4
.IX Item "-passin password_src"
Specifies the password source for the private key of the \s-1TSA.\s0 See
\&\fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1). (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-signer\fR tsa_cert.pem" 4
.IX Item "-signer tsa_cert.pem"
The signer certificate of the \s-1TSA\s0 in \s-1PEM\s0 format. The \s-1TSA\s0 signing
certificate must have exactly one extended key usage assigned to it:
timeStamping. The extended key usage must also be critical, otherwise
the certificate is going to be refused. Overrides the \fBsigner_cert\fR
variable of the config file. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-inkey\fR file_or_id" 4
.IX Item "-inkey file_or_id"
The signer private key of the \s-1TSA\s0 in \s-1PEM\s0 format. Overrides the
\&\fBsigner_key\fR config file option. (Optional)
If no engine is used, the argument is taken as a file; if an engine is
specified, the argument is given to the engine as a key identifier.
.IP "\fB\-\f(BIdigest\fB\fR" 4
.IX Item "-digest"
Signing digest to use. Overrides the \fBsigner_digest\fR config file
option. (Mandatory unless specified in the config file)
.IP "\fB\-chain\fR certs_file.pem" 4
.IX Item "-chain certs_file.pem"
The collection of certificates in \s-1PEM\s0 format that will all
be included in the response in addition to the signer certificate if
the \fB\-cert\fR option was used for the request. This file is supposed to
contain the certificate chain for the signer certificate from its
issuer upwards. The \fB\-reply\fR command does not build a certificate
chain automatically. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-tspolicy\fR object_id" 4
.IX Item "-tspolicy object_id"
The default policy to use for the response unless the client
explicitly requires a particular \s-1TSA\s0 policy. The \s-1OID\s0 can be specified
either in dotted notation or with its name. Overrides the
\&\fBdefault_policy\fR config file option. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-in\fR response.tsr" 4
.IX Item "-in response.tsr"
Specifies a previously created time stamp response or time stamp token
(if \fB\-token_in\fR is also specified) in \s-1DER\s0 format that will be written
to the output file. This option does not require a request, it is
useful e.g. when you need to examine the content of a response or
token or you want to extract the time stamp token from a response. If
the input is a token and the output is a time stamp response a default
\&'granted' status info is added to the token. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-token_in\fR" 4
.IX Item "-token_in"
This flag can be used together with the \fB\-in\fR option and indicates
that the input is a \s-1DER\s0 encoded time stamp token (ContentInfo) instead
of a time stamp response (TimeStampResp). (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-out\fR response.tsr" 4
.IX Item "-out response.tsr"
The response is written to this file. The format and content of the
file depends on other options (see \fB\-text\fR, \fB\-token_out\fR). The default is
stdout. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-token_out\fR" 4
.IX Item "-token_out"
The output is a time stamp token (ContentInfo) instead of time stamp
response (TimeStampResp). (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
If this option is specified the output is human-readable text format
instead of \s-1DER.\s0 (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-engine\fR id" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBts\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms. Default is builtin. (Optional)
.SS "Time Stamp Response verification"
.IX Subsection "Time Stamp Response verification"
The \fB\-verify\fR command is for verifying if a time stamp response or time
stamp token is valid and matches a particular time stamp request or
data file. The \fB\-verify\fR command does not use the configuration file.
.IP "\fB\-data\fR file_to_hash" 4
.IX Item "-data file_to_hash"
The response or token must be verified against file_to_hash. The file
is hashed with the message digest algorithm specified in the token.
The \fB\-digest\fR and \fB\-queryfile\fR options must not be specified with this one.
(Optional)
.IP "\fB\-digest\fR digest_bytes" 4
.IX Item "-digest digest_bytes"
The response or token must be verified against the message digest specified
with this option. The number of bytes must match the message digest algorithm
specified in the token. The \fB\-data\fR and \fB\-queryfile\fR options must not be
specified with this one. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-queryfile\fR request.tsq" 4
.IX Item "-queryfile request.tsq"
The original time stamp request in \s-1DER\s0 format. The \fB\-data\fR and \fB\-digest\fR
options must not be specified with this one. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-in\fR response.tsr" 4
.IX Item "-in response.tsr"
The time stamp response that needs to be verified in \s-1DER\s0 format. (Mandatory)
.IP "\fB\-token_in\fR" 4
.IX Item "-token_in"
This flag can be used together with the \fB\-in\fR option and indicates
that the input is a \s-1DER\s0 encoded time stamp token (ContentInfo) instead
of a time stamp response (TimeStampResp). (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-CApath\fR trusted_cert_path" 4
.IX Item "-CApath trusted_cert_path"
The name of the directory containing the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates of the
client. See the similar option of \fBverify\fR\|(1) for additional
details. Either this option or \fB\-CAfile\fR must be specified. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-CAfile\fR trusted_certs.pem" 4
.IX Item "-CAfile trusted_certs.pem"
The name of the file containing a set of trusted self-signed \s-1CA\s0
certificates in \s-1PEM\s0 format. See the similar option of
\&\fBverify\fR\|(1) for additional details. Either this option
or \fB\-CApath\fR must be specified.
(Optional)
.IP "\fB\-untrusted\fR cert_file.pem" 4
.IX Item "-untrusted cert_file.pem"
Set of additional untrusted certificates in \s-1PEM\s0 format which may be
needed when building the certificate chain for the \s-1TSA\s0's signing
certificate. This file must contain the \s-1TSA\s0 signing certificate and
all intermediate \s-1CA\s0 certificates unless the response includes them.
(Optional)
.IP "\fIverify options\fR" 4
.IX Item "verify options"
The options \fB\-attime timestamp\fR, \fB\-check_ss_sig\fR, \fB\-crl_check\fR,
\&\fB\-crl_check_all\fR, \fB\-explicit_policy\fR, \fB\-extended_crl\fR, \fB\-ignore_critical\fR,
\&\fB\-inhibit_any\fR, \fB\-inhibit_map\fR, \fB\-issuer_checks\fR, \fB\-no_alt_chains\fR,
\&\fB\-no_check_time\fR, \fB\-partial_chain\fR, \fB\-policy\fR, \fB\-policy_check\fR,
\&\fB\-policy_print\fR, \fB\-purpose\fR, \fB\-suiteB_128\fR, \fB\-suiteB_128_only\fR,
\&\fB\-suiteB_192\fR, \fB\-trusted_first\fR, \fB\-use_deltas\fR, \fB\-auth_level\fR,
\&\fB\-verify_depth\fR, \fB\-verify_email\fR, \fB\-verify_hostname\fR, \fB\-verify_ip\fR,
\&\fB\-verify_name\fR, and \fB\-x509_strict\fR can be used to control timestamp
verification. See \fBverify\fR\|(1).
.SH "CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS"
.IX Header "CONFIGURATION FILE OPTIONS"
The \fB\-query\fR and \fB\-reply\fR commands make use of a configuration file.
See \fBconfig\fR\|(5)
for a general description of the syntax of the config file. The
\&\fB\-query\fR command uses only the symbolic \s-1OID\s0 names section
and it can work without it. However, the \fB\-reply\fR command needs the
config file for its operation.
.PP
When there is a command line switch equivalent of a variable the
switch always overrides the settings in the config file.
.IP "\fBtsa\fR section, \fBdefault_tsa\fR" 4
.IX Item "tsa section, default_tsa"
This is the main section and it specifies the name of another section
that contains all the options for the \fB\-reply\fR command. This default
section can be overridden with the \fB\-section\fR command line switch. (Optional)
.IP "\fBoid_file\fR" 4
.IX Item "oid_file"
See \fBca\fR\|(1) for description. (Optional)
.IP "\fBoid_section\fR" 4
.IX Item "oid_section"
See \fBca\fR\|(1) for description. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\s-1RANDFILE\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "RANDFILE"
See \fBca\fR\|(1) for description. (Optional)
.IP "\fBserial\fR" 4
.IX Item "serial"
The name of the file containing the hexadecimal serial number of the
last time stamp response created. This number is incremented by 1 for
each response. If the file does not exist at the time of response
generation a new file is created with serial number 1. (Mandatory)
.IP "\fBcrypto_device\fR" 4
.IX Item "crypto_device"
Specifies the OpenSSL engine that will be set as the default for
all available algorithms. The default value is builtin, you can specify
any other engines supported by OpenSSL (e.g. use chil for the NCipher \s-1HSM\s0).
(Optional)
.IP "\fBsigner_cert\fR" 4
.IX Item "signer_cert"
\&\s-1TSA\s0 signing certificate in \s-1PEM\s0 format. The same as the \fB\-signer\fR
command line option. (Optional)
.IP "\fBcerts\fR" 4
.IX Item "certs"
A file containing a set of \s-1PEM\s0 encoded certificates that need to be
included in the response. The same as the \fB\-chain\fR command line
option. (Optional)
.IP "\fBsigner_key\fR" 4
.IX Item "signer_key"
The private key of the \s-1TSA\s0 in \s-1PEM\s0 format. The same as the \fB\-inkey\fR
command line option. (Optional)
.IP "\fBsigner_digest\fR" 4
.IX Item "signer_digest"
Signing digest to use. The same as the
\&\fB\-\f(BIdigest\fB\fR command line option. (Mandatory unless specified on the command
line)
.IP "\fBdefault_policy\fR" 4
.IX Item "default_policy"
The default policy to use when the request does not mandate any
policy. The same as the \fB\-tspolicy\fR command line option. (Optional)
.IP "\fBother_policies\fR" 4
.IX Item "other_policies"
Comma separated list of policies that are also acceptable by the \s-1TSA\s0
and used only if the request explicitly specifies one of them. (Optional)
.IP "\fBdigests\fR" 4
.IX Item "digests"
The list of message digest algorithms that the \s-1TSA\s0 accepts. At least
one algorithm must be specified. (Mandatory)
.IP "\fBaccuracy\fR" 4
.IX Item "accuracy"
The accuracy of the time source of the \s-1TSA\s0 in seconds, milliseconds
and microseconds. E.g. secs:1, millisecs:500, microsecs:100. If any of
the components is missing zero is assumed for that field. (Optional)
.IP "\fBclock_precision_digits\fR" 4
.IX Item "clock_precision_digits"
Specifies the maximum number of digits, which represent the fraction of
seconds, that need to be included in the time field. The trailing zeroes
must be removed from the time, so there might actually be fewer digits,
or no fraction of seconds at all. Supported only on \s-1UNIX\s0 platforms.
The maximum value is 6, default is 0.
(Optional)
.IP "\fBordering\fR" 4
.IX Item "ordering"
If this option is yes the responses generated by this \s-1TSA\s0 can always
be ordered, even if the time difference between two responses is less
than the sum of their accuracies. Default is no. (Optional)
.IP "\fBtsa_name\fR" 4
.IX Item "tsa_name"
Set this option to yes if the subject name of the \s-1TSA\s0 must be included in
the \s-1TSA\s0 name field of the response. Default is no. (Optional)
.IP "\fBess_cert_id_chain\fR" 4
.IX Item "ess_cert_id_chain"
The SignedData objects created by the \s-1TSA\s0 always contain the
certificate identifier of the signing certificate in a signed
attribute (see \s-1RFC 2634,\s0 Enhanced Security Services). If this option
is set to yes and either the \fBcerts\fR variable or the \fB\-chain\fR option
is specified then the certificate identifiers of the chain will also
be included in the SigningCertificate signed attribute. If this
variable is set to no, only the signing certificate identifier is
included. Default is no. (Optional)
.IP "\fBess_cert_id_alg\fR" 4
.IX Item "ess_cert_id_alg"
This option specifies the hash function to be used to calculate the \s-1TSA\s0's
public key certificate identifier. Default is sha1. (Optional)
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
All the examples below presume that \fB\s-1OPENSSL_CONF\s0\fR is set to a proper
configuration file, e.g. the example configuration file
openssl/apps/openssl.cnf will do.
.SS "Time Stamp Request"
.IX Subsection "Time Stamp Request"
To create a time stamp request for design1.txt with \s-1SHA\-1\s0
without nonce and policy and no certificate is required in the response:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl ts \-query \-data design1.txt \-no_nonce \e
\& \-out design1.tsq
.Ve
.PP
To create a similar time stamp request with specifying the message imprint
explicitly:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl ts \-query \-digest b7e5d3f93198b38379852f2c04e78d73abdd0f4b \e
\& \-no_nonce \-out design1.tsq
.Ve
.PP
To print the content of the previous request in human readable format:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ts \-query \-in design1.tsq \-text
.Ve
.PP
To create a time stamp request which includes the \s-1MD\-5\s0 digest
of design2.txt, requests the signer certificate and nonce,
specifies a policy id (assuming the tsa_policy1 name is defined in the
\&\s-1OID\s0 section of the config file):
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl ts \-query \-data design2.txt \-md5 \e
\& \-tspolicy tsa_policy1 \-cert \-out design2.tsq
.Ve
.SS "Time Stamp Response"
.IX Subsection "Time Stamp Response"
Before generating a response a signing certificate must be created for
the \s-1TSA\s0 that contains the \fBtimeStamping\fR critical extended key usage extension
without any other key usage extensions. You can add this line to the
user certificate section of the config file to generate a proper certificate;
.PP
.Vb 1
\& extendedKeyUsage = critical,timeStamping
.Ve
.PP
See \fBreq\fR\|(1), \fBca\fR\|(1), and \fBx509\fR\|(1) for instructions. The examples
below assume that cacert.pem contains the certificate of the \s-1CA,\s0
tsacert.pem is the signing certificate issued by cacert.pem and
tsakey.pem is the private key of the \s-1TSA.\s0
.PP
To create a time stamp response for a request:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl ts \-reply \-queryfile design1.tsq \-inkey tsakey.pem \e
\& \-signer tsacert.pem \-out design1.tsr
.Ve
.PP
If you want to use the settings in the config file you could just write:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ts \-reply \-queryfile design1.tsq \-out design1.tsr
.Ve
.PP
To print a time stamp reply to stdout in human readable format:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ts \-reply \-in design1.tsr \-text
.Ve
.PP
To create a time stamp token instead of time stamp response:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ts \-reply \-queryfile design1.tsq \-out design1_token.der \-token_out
.Ve
.PP
To print a time stamp token to stdout in human readable format:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ts \-reply \-in design1_token.der \-token_in \-text \-token_out
.Ve
.PP
To extract the time stamp token from a response:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ts \-reply \-in design1.tsr \-out design1_token.der \-token_out
.Ve
.PP
To add 'granted' status info to a time stamp token thereby creating a
valid response:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl ts \-reply \-in design1_token.der \-token_in \-out design1.tsr
.Ve
.SS "Time Stamp Verification"
.IX Subsection "Time Stamp Verification"
To verify a time stamp reply against a request:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl ts \-verify \-queryfile design1.tsq \-in design1.tsr \e
\& \-CAfile cacert.pem \-untrusted tsacert.pem
.Ve
.PP
To verify a time stamp reply that includes the certificate chain:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl ts \-verify \-queryfile design2.tsq \-in design2.tsr \e
\& \-CAfile cacert.pem
.Ve
.PP
To verify a time stamp token against the original data file:
openssl ts \-verify \-data design2.txt \-in design2.tsr \e
\-CAfile cacert.pem
.PP
To verify a time stamp token against a message imprint:
openssl ts \-verify \-digest b7e5d3f93198b38379852f2c04e78d73abdd0f4b \e
\-in design2.tsr \-CAfile cacert.pem
.PP
You could also look at the 'test' directory for more examples.
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
.IP "\(bu" 2
No support for time stamps over \s-1SMTP,\s0 though it is quite easy
to implement an automatic e\-mail based \s-1TSA\s0 with \fBprocmail\fR\|(1)
and \fBperl\fR\|(1). \s-1HTTP\s0 server support is provided in the form of
a separate apache module. \s-1HTTP\s0 client support is provided by
\&\fBtsget\fR\|(1). Pure \s-1TCP/IP\s0 protocol is not supported.
.IP "\(bu" 2
The file containing the last serial number of the \s-1TSA\s0 is not
locked when being read or written. This is a problem if more than one
instance of \fBopenssl\fR\|(1) is trying to create a time stamp
response at the same time. This is not an issue when using the apache
server module, it does proper locking.
.IP "\(bu" 2
Look for the \s-1FIXME\s0 word in the source files.
.IP "\(bu" 2
The source code should really be reviewed by somebody else, too.
.IP "\(bu" 2
More testing is needed, I have done only some basic tests (see
test/testtsa).
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBtsget\fR\|(1), \fBopenssl\fR\|(1), \fBreq\fR\|(1),
\&\fBx509\fR\|(1), \fBca\fR\|(1), \fBgenrsa\fR\|(1),
\&\fBconfig\fR\|(5)
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2006\-2019 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
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.if t .sp .5v
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..
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.nf
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..
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..
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.\"
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.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
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..
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.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
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.\"
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.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
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\{\
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "TSGET 1"
.TH TSGET 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-tsget, tsget \- Time Stamping HTTP/HTTPS client
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBtsget\fR
\&\fB\-h\fR server_url
[\fB\-e\fR extension]
[\fB\-o\fR output]
[\fB\-v\fR]
[\fB\-d\fR]
[\fB\-k\fR private_key.pem]
[\fB\-p\fR key_password]
[\fB\-c\fR client_cert.pem]
[\fB\-C\fR CA_certs.pem]
[\fB\-P\fR CA_path]
[\fB\-r\fR file:file...]
[\fB\-g\fR EGD_socket]
[request]...
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBtsget\fR command can be used for sending a time stamp request, as
specified in \fB\s-1RFC 3161\s0\fR, to a time stamp server over \s-1HTTP\s0 or \s-1HTTPS\s0 and storing
the time stamp response in a file. This tool cannot be used for creating the
requests and verifying responses, you can use the OpenSSL \fB\fBts\fB\|(1)\fR command to
do that. \fBtsget\fR can send several requests to the server without closing
the \s-1TCP\s0 connection if more than one requests are specified on the command
line.
.PP
The tool sends the following \s-1HTTP\s0 request for each time stamp request:
.PP
.Vb 7
\& POST url HTTP/1.1
\& User\-Agent: OpenTSA tsget.pl/<version>
\& Host: <host>:<port>
\& Pragma: no\-cache
\& Content\-Type: application/timestamp\-query
\& Accept: application/timestamp\-reply
\& Content\-Length: length of body
\&
\& ...binary request specified by the user...
.Ve
.PP
\&\fBtsget\fR expects a response of type application/timestamp\-reply, which is
written to a file without any interpretation.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-h\fR server_url" 4
.IX Item "-h server_url"
The \s-1URL\s0 of the \s-1HTTP/HTTPS\s0 server listening for time stamp requests.
.IP "\fB\-e\fR extension" 4
.IX Item "-e extension"
If the \fB\-o\fR option is not given this argument specifies the extension of the
output files. The base name of the output file will be the same as those of
the input files. Default extension is '.tsr'. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-o\fR output" 4
.IX Item "-o output"
This option can be specified only when just one request is sent to the
server. The time stamp response will be written to the given output file. '\-'
means standard output. In case of multiple time stamp requests or the absence
of this argument the names of the output files will be derived from the names
of the input files and the default or specified extension argument. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4
.IX Item "-v"
The name of the currently processed request is printed on standard
error. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-d\fR" 4
.IX Item "-d"
Switches on verbose mode for the underlying \fBcurl\fR library. You can see
detailed debug messages for the connection. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-k\fR private_key.pem" 4
.IX Item "-k private_key.pem"
(\s-1HTTPS\s0) In case of certificate-based client authentication over \s-1HTTPS\s0
<private_key.pem> must contain the private key of the user. The private key
file can optionally be protected by a passphrase. The \fB\-c\fR option must also
be specified. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-p\fR key_password" 4
.IX Item "-p key_password"
(\s-1HTTPS\s0) Specifies the passphrase for the private key specified by the \fB\-k\fR
argument. If this option is omitted and the key is passphrase protected \fBtsget\fR
will ask for it. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-c\fR client_cert.pem" 4
.IX Item "-c client_cert.pem"
(\s-1HTTPS\s0) In case of certificate-based client authentication over \s-1HTTPS\s0
<client_cert.pem> must contain the X.509 certificate of the user. The \fB\-k\fR
option must also be specified. If this option is not specified no
certificate-based client authentication will take place. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-C\fR CA_certs.pem" 4
.IX Item "-C CA_certs.pem"
(\s-1HTTPS\s0) The trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificate store. The certificate chain of the peer's
certificate must include one of the \s-1CA\s0 certificates specified in this file.
Either option \fB\-C\fR or option \fB\-P\fR must be given in case of \s-1HTTPS.\s0 (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-P\fR CA_path" 4
.IX Item "-P CA_path"
(\s-1HTTPS\s0) The path containing the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates to verify the peer's
certificate. The directory must be prepared with the \fBc_rehash\fR
OpenSSL utility. Either option \fB\-C\fR or option \fB\-P\fR must be given in case of
\&\s-1HTTPS.\s0 (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-rand\fR file:file..." 4
.IX Item "-rand file:file..."
The files containing random data for seeding the random number
generator. Multiple files can be specified, the separator is \fB;\fR for
MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for \s-1VMS\s0 and \fB:\fR for all other platforms. (Optional)
.IP "\fB\-g\fR EGD_socket" 4
.IX Item "-g EGD_socket"
The name of an \s-1EGD\s0 socket to get random data from. (Optional)
.IP "[request]..." 4
.IX Item "[request]..."
List of files containing \fB\s-1RFC 3161\s0\fR DER-encoded time stamp requests. If no
requests are specified only one request will be sent to the server and it will be
read from the standard input. (Optional)
.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
.IX Header "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
The \fB\s-1TSGET\s0\fR environment variable can optionally contain default
arguments. The content of this variable is added to the list of command line
arguments.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
The examples below presume that \fBfile1.tsq\fR and \fBfile2.tsq\fR contain valid
time stamp requests, tsa.opentsa.org listens at port 8080 for \s-1HTTP\s0 requests
and at port 8443 for \s-1HTTPS\s0 requests, the \s-1TSA\s0 service is available at the /tsa
absolute path.
.PP
Get a time stamp response for file1.tsq over \s-1HTTP,\s0 output is written to
file1.tsr:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& tsget \-h http://tsa.opentsa.org:8080/tsa file1.tsq
.Ve
.PP
Get a time stamp response for file1.tsq and file2.tsq over \s-1HTTP\s0 showing
progress, output is written to file1.reply and file2.reply respectively:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& tsget \-h http://tsa.opentsa.org:8080/tsa \-v \-e .reply \e
\& file1.tsq file2.tsq
.Ve
.PP
Create a time stamp request, write it to file3.tsq, send it to the server and
write the response to file3.tsr:
.PP
.Vb 3
\& openssl ts \-query \-data file3.txt \-cert | tee file3.tsq \e
\& | tsget \-h http://tsa.opentsa.org:8080/tsa \e
\& \-o file3.tsr
.Ve
.PP
Get a time stamp response for file1.tsq over \s-1HTTPS\s0 without client
authentication:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& tsget \-h https://tsa.opentsa.org:8443/tsa \e
\& \-C cacerts.pem file1.tsq
.Ve
.PP
Get a time stamp response for file1.tsq over \s-1HTTPS\s0 with certificate-based
client authentication (it will ask for the passphrase if client_key.pem is
protected):
.PP
.Vb 2
\& tsget \-h https://tsa.opentsa.org:8443/tsa \-C cacerts.pem \e
\& \-k client_key.pem \-c client_cert.pem file1.tsq
.Ve
.PP
You can shorten the previous command line if you make use of the \fB\s-1TSGET\s0\fR
environment variable. The following commands do the same as the previous
example:
.PP
.Vb 4
\& TSGET=\*(Aq\-h https://tsa.opentsa.org:8443/tsa \-C cacerts.pem \e
\& \-k client_key.pem \-c client_cert.pem\*(Aq
\& export TSGET
\& tsget file1.tsq
.Ve
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBopenssl\fR\|(1), \fBts\fR\|(1), \fBcurl\fR\|(1),
\&\fB\s-1RFC 3161\s0\fR
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2006\-2016 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
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.el .ds Aq '
.\"
.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
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.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
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..
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. \}
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.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
.\" Fear. Run. Save yourself. No user-serviceable parts.
. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
. ds #H 0
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.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
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.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]
.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
. \" corrections for vroff
.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
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. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
\{\
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. ds o a
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. ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy
. ds th \o'bp'
. ds Th \o'LP'
. ds ae ae
. ds Ae AE
.\}
.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "VERIFY 1"
.TH VERIFY 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-verify, verify \- Utility to verify certificates
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBverify\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-CAfile file\fR]
[\fB\-CApath directory\fR]
[\fB\-no\-CAfile\fR]
[\fB\-no\-CApath\fR]
[\fB\-allow_proxy_certs\fR]
[\fB\-attime timestamp\fR]
[\fB\-check_ss_sig\fR]
[\fB\-CRLfile file\fR]
[\fB\-crl_download\fR]
[\fB\-crl_check\fR]
[\fB\-crl_check_all\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fB\-explicit_policy\fR]
[\fB\-extended_crl\fR]
[\fB\-ignore_critical\fR]
[\fB\-inhibit_any\fR]
[\fB\-inhibit_map\fR]
[\fB\-nameopt option\fR]
[\fB\-no_check_time\fR]
[\fB\-partial_chain\fR]
[\fB\-policy arg\fR]
[\fB\-policy_check\fR]
[\fB\-policy_print\fR]
[\fB\-purpose purpose\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_128\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_128_only\fR]
[\fB\-suiteB_192\fR]
[\fB\-trusted_first\fR]
[\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR]
[\fB\-untrusted file\fR]
[\fB\-trusted file\fR]
[\fB\-use_deltas\fR]
[\fB\-verbose\fR]
[\fB\-auth_level level\fR]
[\fB\-verify_depth num\fR]
[\fB\-verify_email email\fR]
[\fB\-verify_hostname hostname\fR]
[\fB\-verify_ip ip\fR]
[\fB\-verify_name name\fR]
[\fB\-x509_strict\fR]
[\fB\-show_chain\fR]
[\fB\-\fR]
[certificates]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBverify\fR command verifies certificate chains.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-CAfile file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CAfile file"
A \fBfile\fR of trusted certificates.
The file should contain one or more certificates in \s-1PEM\s0 format.
.IP "\fB\-CApath directory\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CApath directory"
A directory of trusted certificates. The certificates should have names
of the form: hash.0 or have symbolic links to them of this
form (\*(L"hash\*(R" is the hashed certificate subject name: see the \fB\-hash\fR option
of the \fBx509\fR utility). Under Unix the \fBc_rehash\fR script will automatically
create symbolic links to a directory of certificates.
.IP "\fB\-no\-CAfile\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no-CAfile"
Do not load the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates from the default file location.
.IP "\fB\-no\-CApath\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no-CApath"
Do not load the trusted \s-1CA\s0 certificates from the default directory location.
.IP "\fB\-allow_proxy_certs\fR" 4
.IX Item "-allow_proxy_certs"
Allow the verification of proxy certificates.
.IP "\fB\-attime timestamp\fR" 4
.IX Item "-attime timestamp"
Perform validation checks using time specified by \fBtimestamp\fR and not
current system time. \fBtimestamp\fR is the number of seconds since
01.01.1970 (\s-1UNIX\s0 time).
.IP "\fB\-check_ss_sig\fR" 4
.IX Item "-check_ss_sig"
Verify the signature on the self-signed root \s-1CA.\s0 This is disabled by default
because it doesn't add any security.
.IP "\fB\-CRLfile file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CRLfile file"
The \fBfile\fR should contain one or more CRLs in \s-1PEM\s0 format.
This option can be specified more than once to include CRLs from multiple
\&\fBfiles\fR.
.IP "\fB\-crl_download\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crl_download"
Attempt to download \s-1CRL\s0 information for this certificate.
.IP "\fB\-crl_check\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crl_check"
Checks end entity certificate validity by attempting to look up a valid \s-1CRL.\s0
If a valid \s-1CRL\s0 cannot be found an error occurs.
.IP "\fB\-crl_check_all\fR" 4
.IX Item "-crl_check_all"
Checks the validity of \fBall\fR certificates in the chain by attempting
to look up valid CRLs.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine \fBid\fR will cause \fBverify\fR\|(1) to attempt to load the
specified engine.
The engine will then be set as the default for all its supported algorithms.
If you want to load certificates or CRLs that require engine support via any of
the \fB\-trusted\fR, \fB\-untrusted\fR or \fB\-CRLfile\fR options, the \fB\-engine\fR option
must be specified before those options.
.IP "\fB\-explicit_policy\fR" 4
.IX Item "-explicit_policy"
Set policy variable require-explicit-policy (see \s-1RFC5280\s0).
.IP "\fB\-extended_crl\fR" 4
.IX Item "-extended_crl"
Enable extended \s-1CRL\s0 features such as indirect CRLs and alternate \s-1CRL\s0
signing keys.
.IP "\fB\-ignore_critical\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ignore_critical"
Normally if an unhandled critical extension is present which is not
supported by OpenSSL the certificate is rejected (as required by \s-1RFC5280\s0).
If this option is set critical extensions are ignored.
.IP "\fB\-inhibit_any\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inhibit_any"
Set policy variable inhibit-any-policy (see \s-1RFC5280\s0).
.IP "\fB\-inhibit_map\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inhibit_map"
Set policy variable inhibit-policy-mapping (see \s-1RFC5280\s0).
.IP "\fB\-nameopt option\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nameopt option"
Option which determines how the subject or issuer names are displayed. The
\&\fBoption\fR argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by
commas. Alternatively the \fB\-nameopt\fR switch may be used more than once to
set multiple options. See the \fBx509\fR\|(1) manual page for details.
.IP "\fB\-no_check_time\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_check_time"
This option suppresses checking the validity period of certificates and CRLs
against the current time. If option \fB\-attime timestamp\fR is used to specify
a verification time, the check is not suppressed.
.IP "\fB\-partial_chain\fR" 4
.IX Item "-partial_chain"
Allow verification to succeed even if a \fIcomplete\fR chain cannot be built to a
self-signed trust-anchor, provided it is possible to construct a chain to a
trusted certificate that might not be self-signed.
.IP "\fB\-policy arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-policy arg"
Enable policy processing and add \fBarg\fR to the user-initial-policy-set (see
\&\s-1RFC5280\s0). The policy \fBarg\fR can be an object name an \s-1OID\s0 in numeric form.
This argument can appear more than once.
.IP "\fB\-policy_check\fR" 4
.IX Item "-policy_check"
Enables certificate policy processing.
.IP "\fB\-policy_print\fR" 4
.IX Item "-policy_print"
Print out diagnostics related to policy processing.
.IP "\fB\-purpose purpose\fR" 4
.IX Item "-purpose purpose"
The intended use for the certificate. If this option is not specified,
\&\fBverify\fR will not consider certificate purpose during chain verification.
Currently accepted uses are \fBsslclient\fR, \fBsslserver\fR, \fBnssslserver\fR,
\&\fBsmimesign\fR, \fBsmimeencrypt\fR. See the \fB\s-1VERIFY OPERATION\s0\fR section for more
information.
.IP "\fB\-suiteB_128_only\fR, \fB\-suiteB_128\fR, \fB\-suiteB_192\fR" 4
.IX Item "-suiteB_128_only, -suiteB_128, -suiteB_192"
Enable the Suite B mode operation at 128 bit Level of Security, 128 bit or
192 bit, or only 192 bit Level of Security respectively.
See \s-1RFC6460\s0 for details. In particular the supported signature algorithms are
reduced to support only \s-1ECDSA\s0 and \s-1SHA256\s0 or \s-1SHA384\s0 and only the elliptic curves
P\-256 and P\-384.
.IP "\fB\-trusted_first\fR" 4
.IX Item "-trusted_first"
When constructing the certificate chain, use the trusted certificates specified
via \fB\-CAfile\fR, \fB\-CApath\fR or \fB\-trusted\fR before any certificates specified via
\&\fB\-untrusted\fR.
This can be useful in environments with Bridge or Cross-Certified CAs.
As of OpenSSL 1.1.0 this option is on by default and cannot be disabled.
.IP "\fB\-no_alt_chains\fR" 4
.IX Item "-no_alt_chains"
By default, unless \fB\-trusted_first\fR is specified, when building a certificate
chain, if the first certificate chain found is not trusted, then OpenSSL will
attempt to replace untrusted issuer certificates with certificates from the
trust store to see if an alternative chain can be found that is trusted.
As of OpenSSL 1.1.0, with \fB\-trusted_first\fR always on, this option has no
effect.
.IP "\fB\-untrusted file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-untrusted file"
A \fBfile\fR of additional untrusted certificates (intermediate issuer CAs) used
to construct a certificate chain from the subject certificate to a trust-anchor.
The \fBfile\fR should contain one or more certificates in \s-1PEM\s0 format.
This option can be specified more than once to include untrusted certificates
from multiple \fBfiles\fR.
.IP "\fB\-trusted file\fR" 4
.IX Item "-trusted file"
A \fBfile\fR of trusted certificates, which must be self-signed, unless the
\&\fB\-partial_chain\fR option is specified.
The \fBfile\fR contains one or more certificates in \s-1PEM\s0 format.
With this option, no additional (e.g., default) certificate lists are
consulted.
That is, the only trust-anchors are those listed in \fBfile\fR.
This option can be specified more than once to include trusted certificates
from multiple \fBfiles\fR.
This option implies the \fB\-no\-CAfile\fR and \fB\-no\-CApath\fR options.
This option cannot be used in combination with either of the \fB\-CAfile\fR or
\&\fB\-CApath\fR options.
.IP "\fB\-use_deltas\fR" 4
.IX Item "-use_deltas"
Enable support for delta CRLs.
.IP "\fB\-verbose\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verbose"
Print extra information about the operations being performed.
.IP "\fB\-auth_level level\fR" 4
.IX Item "-auth_level level"
Set the certificate chain authentication security level to \fBlevel\fR.
The authentication security level determines the acceptable signature and
public key strength when verifying certificate chains.
For a certificate chain to validate, the public keys of all the certificates
must meet the specified security \fBlevel\fR.
The signature algorithm security level is enforced for all the certificates in
the chain except for the chain's \fItrust anchor\fR, which is either directly
trusted or validated by means other than its signature.
See \fBSSL_CTX_set_security_level\fR\|(3) for the definitions of the available
levels.
The default security level is \-1, or \*(L"not set\*(R".
At security level 0 or lower all algorithms are acceptable.
Security level 1 requires at least 80\-bit\-equivalent security and is broadly
interoperable, though it will, for example, reject \s-1MD5\s0 signatures or \s-1RSA\s0 keys
shorter than 1024 bits.
.IP "\fB\-verify_depth num\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify_depth num"
Limit the certificate chain to \fBnum\fR intermediate \s-1CA\s0 certificates.
A maximal depth chain can have up to \fBnum+2\fR certificates, since neither the
end-entity certificate nor the trust-anchor certificate count against the
\&\fB\-verify_depth\fR limit.
.IP "\fB\-verify_email email\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify_email email"
Verify if the \fBemail\fR matches the email address in Subject Alternative Name or
the email in the subject Distinguished Name.
.IP "\fB\-verify_hostname hostname\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify_hostname hostname"
Verify if the \fBhostname\fR matches \s-1DNS\s0 name in Subject Alternative Name or
Common Name in the subject certificate.
.IP "\fB\-verify_ip ip\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify_ip ip"
Verify if the \fBip\fR matches the \s-1IP\s0 address in Subject Alternative Name of
the subject certificate.
.IP "\fB\-verify_name name\fR" 4
.IX Item "-verify_name name"
Use default verification policies like trust model and required certificate
policies identified by \fBname\fR.
The trust model determines which auxiliary trust or reject OIDs are applicable
to verifying the given certificate chain.
See the \fB\-addtrust\fR and \fB\-addreject\fR options of the \fBx509\fR\|(1) command-line
utility.
Supported policy names include: \fBdefault\fR, \fBpkcs7\fR, \fBsmime_sign\fR,
\&\fBssl_client\fR, \fBssl_server\fR.
These mimics the combinations of purpose and trust settings used in \s-1SSL, CMS\s0
and S/MIME.
As of OpenSSL 1.1.0, the trust model is inferred from the purpose when not
specified, so the \fB\-verify_name\fR options are functionally equivalent to the
corresponding \fB\-purpose\fR settings.
.IP "\fB\-x509_strict\fR" 4
.IX Item "-x509_strict"
For strict X.509 compliance, disable non-compliant workarounds for broken
certificates.
.IP "\fB\-show_chain\fR" 4
.IX Item "-show_chain"
Display information about the certificate chain that has been built (if
successful). Certificates in the chain that came from the untrusted list will be
flagged as \*(L"untrusted\*(R".
.IP "\fB\-\fR" 4
.IX Item "-"
Indicates the last option. All arguments following this are assumed to be
certificate files. This is useful if the first certificate filename begins
with a \fB\-\fR.
.IP "\fBcertificates\fR" 4
.IX Item "certificates"
One or more certificates to verify. If no certificates are given, \fBverify\fR
will attempt to read a certificate from standard input. Certificates must be
in \s-1PEM\s0 format.
.SH "VERIFY OPERATION"
.IX Header "VERIFY OPERATION"
The \fBverify\fR program uses the same functions as the internal \s-1SSL\s0 and S/MIME
verification, therefore this description applies to these verify operations
too.
.PP
There is one crucial difference between the verify operations performed
by the \fBverify\fR program: wherever possible an attempt is made to continue
after an error whereas normally the verify operation would halt on the
first error. This allows all the problems with a certificate chain to be
determined.
.PP
The verify operation consists of a number of separate steps.
.PP
Firstly a certificate chain is built up starting from the supplied certificate
and ending in the root \s-1CA.\s0
It is an error if the whole chain cannot be built up.
The chain is built up by looking up the issuers certificate of the current
certificate.
If a certificate is found which is its own issuer it is assumed to be the root
\&\s-1CA.\s0
.PP
The process of 'looking up the issuers certificate' itself involves a number of
steps.
After all certificates whose subject name matches the issuer name of the current
certificate are subject to further tests.
The relevant authority key identifier components of the current certificate (if
present) must match the subject key identifier (if present) and issuer and
serial number of the candidate issuer, in addition the keyUsage extension of
the candidate issuer (if present) must permit certificate signing.
.PP
The lookup first looks in the list of untrusted certificates and if no match
is found the remaining lookups are from the trusted certificates. The root \s-1CA\s0
is always looked up in the trusted certificate list: if the certificate to
verify is a root certificate then an exact match must be found in the trusted
list.
.PP
The second operation is to check every untrusted certificate's extensions for
consistency with the supplied purpose. If the \fB\-purpose\fR option is not included
then no checks are done. The supplied or \*(L"leaf\*(R" certificate must have extensions
compatible with the supplied purpose and all other certificates must also be valid
\&\s-1CA\s0 certificates. The precise extensions required are described in more detail in
the \fB\s-1CERTIFICATE EXTENSIONS\s0\fR section of the \fBx509\fR utility.
.PP
The third operation is to check the trust settings on the root \s-1CA.\s0 The root \s-1CA\s0
should be trusted for the supplied purpose.
For compatibility with previous versions of OpenSSL, a certificate with no
trust settings is considered to be valid for all purposes.
.PP
The final operation is to check the validity of the certificate chain. The validity
period is checked against the current system time and the notBefore and notAfter
dates in the certificate. The certificate signatures are also checked at this
point.
.PP
If all operations complete successfully then certificate is considered valid. If
any operation fails then the certificate is not valid.
.SH "DIAGNOSTICS"
.IX Header "DIAGNOSTICS"
When a verify operation fails the output messages can be somewhat cryptic. The
general form of the error message is:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& server.pem: /C=AU/ST=Queensland/O=CryptSoft Pty Ltd/CN=Test CA (1024 bit)
\& error 24 at 1 depth lookup:invalid CA certificate
.Ve
.PP
The first line contains the name of the certificate being verified followed by
the subject name of the certificate. The second line contains the error number
and the depth. The depth is number of the certificate being verified when a
problem was detected starting with zero for the certificate being verified itself
then 1 for the \s-1CA\s0 that signed the certificate and so on. Finally a text version
of the error number is presented.
.PP
A partial list of the error codes and messages is shown below, this also
includes the name of the error code as defined in the header file x509_vfy.h
Some of the error codes are defined but never returned: these are described
as \*(L"unused\*(R".
.IP "\fBX509_V_OK\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_OK"
The operation was successful.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_UNSPECIFIED\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_UNSPECIFIED"
Unspecified error; should not happen.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT"
The issuer certificate of a looked up certificate could not be found. This
normally means the list of trusted certificates is not complete.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL"
The \s-1CRL\s0 of a certificate could not be found.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CERT_SIGNATURE\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CERT_SIGNATURE"
The certificate signature could not be decrypted. This means that the
actual signature value could not be determined rather than it not matching
the expected value, this is only meaningful for \s-1RSA\s0 keys.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CRL_SIGNATURE\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECRYPT_CRL_SIGNATURE"
The \s-1CRL\s0 signature could not be decrypted: this means that the actual
signature value could not be determined rather than it not matching the
expected value. Unused.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECODE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_DECODE_ISSUER_PUBLIC_KEY"
The public key in the certificate SubjectPublicKeyInfo could not be read.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_CERT_SIGNATURE_FAILURE\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_CERT_SIGNATURE_FAILURE"
The signature of the certificate is invalid.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_CRL_SIGNATURE_FAILURE\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_CRL_SIGNATURE_FAILURE"
The signature of the certificate is invalid.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_CERT_NOT_YET_VALID\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_CERT_NOT_YET_VALID"
The certificate is not yet valid: the notBefore date is after the
current time.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_CERT_HAS_EXPIRED"
The certificate has expired: that is the notAfter date is before the
current time.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_CRL_NOT_YET_VALID\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_CRL_NOT_YET_VALID"
The \s-1CRL\s0 is not yet valid.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_CRL_HAS_EXPIRED\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_CRL_HAS_EXPIRED"
The \s-1CRL\s0 has expired.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_BEFORE_FIELD\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_BEFORE_FIELD"
The certificate notBefore field contains an invalid time.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_AFTER_FIELD\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CERT_NOT_AFTER_FIELD"
The certificate notAfter field contains an invalid time.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_LAST_UPDATE_FIELD\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_LAST_UPDATE_FIELD"
The \s-1CRL\s0 lastUpdate field contains an invalid time.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_NEXT_UPDATE_FIELD\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_ERROR_IN_CRL_NEXT_UPDATE_FIELD"
The \s-1CRL\s0 nextUpdate field contains an invalid time.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_OUT_OF_MEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_OUT_OF_MEM"
An error occurred trying to allocate memory. This should never happen.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_DEPTH_ZERO_SELF_SIGNED_CERT"
The passed certificate is self-signed and the same certificate cannot
be found in the list of trusted certificates.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_SELF_SIGNED_CERT_IN_CHAIN"
The certificate chain could be built up using the untrusted certificates
but the root could not be found locally.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY"
The issuer certificate could not be found: this occurs if the issuer
certificate of an untrusted certificate cannot be found.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_VERIFY_LEAF_SIGNATURE"
No signatures could be verified because the chain contains only one
certificate and it is not self signed.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_CERT_CHAIN_TOO_LONG"
The certificate chain length is greater than the supplied maximum
depth. Unused.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_CERT_REVOKED\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_CERT_REVOKED"
The certificate has been revoked.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_INVALID_CA\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_INVALID_CA"
A \s-1CA\s0 certificate is invalid. Either it is not a \s-1CA\s0 or its extensions
are not consistent with the supplied purpose.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED"
The basicConstraints pathlength parameter has been exceeded.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_INVALID_PURPOSE\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_INVALID_PURPOSE"
The supplied certificate cannot be used for the specified purpose.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_CERT_UNTRUSTED\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_CERT_UNTRUSTED"
The root \s-1CA\s0 is not marked as trusted for the specified purpose.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_CERT_REJECTED"
The root \s-1CA\s0 is marked to reject the specified purpose.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_SUBJECT_ISSUER_MISMATCH\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_SUBJECT_ISSUER_MISMATCH"
Not used as of OpenSSL 1.1.0 as a result of the deprecation of the
\&\fB\-issuer_checks\fR option.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_AKID_SKID_MISMATCH\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_AKID_SKID_MISMATCH"
Not used as of OpenSSL 1.1.0 as a result of the deprecation of the
\&\fB\-issuer_checks\fR option.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_AKID_ISSUER_SERIAL_MISMATCH\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_AKID_ISSUER_SERIAL_MISMATCH"
Not used as of OpenSSL 1.1.0 as a result of the deprecation of the
\&\fB\-issuer_checks\fR option.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CERTSIGN\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CERTSIGN"
Not used as of OpenSSL 1.1.0 as a result of the deprecation of the
\&\fB\-issuer_checks\fR option.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL_ISSUER\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_CRL_ISSUER"
Unable to get \s-1CRL\s0 issuer certificate.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_UNHANDLED_CRITICAL_EXTENSION\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_UNHANDLED_CRITICAL_EXTENSION"
Unhandled critical extension.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CRL_SIGN\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_CRL_SIGN"
Key usage does not include \s-1CRL\s0 signing.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_UNHANDLED_CRITICAL_CRL_EXTENSION\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_UNHANDLED_CRITICAL_CRL_EXTENSION"
Unhandled critical \s-1CRL\s0 extension.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_INVALID_NON_CA\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_INVALID_NON_CA"
Invalid non-CA certificate has \s-1CA\s0 markings.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_PROXY_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_PROXY_PATH_LENGTH_EXCEEDED"
Proxy path length constraint exceeded.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_PROXY_SUBJECT_INVALID\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_PROXY_SUBJECT_INVALID"
Proxy certificate subject is invalid. It \s-1MUST\s0 be the same as the issuer
with a single \s-1CN\s0 component added.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_DIGITAL_SIGNATURE\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_KEYUSAGE_NO_DIGITAL_SIGNATURE"
Key usage does not include digital signature.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_PROXY_CERTIFICATES_NOT_ALLOWED\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_PROXY_CERTIFICATES_NOT_ALLOWED"
Proxy certificates not allowed, please use \fB\-allow_proxy_certs\fR.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_INVALID_EXTENSION\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_INVALID_EXTENSION"
Invalid or inconsistent certificate extension.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_INVALID_POLICY_EXTENSION\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_INVALID_POLICY_EXTENSION"
Invalid or inconsistent certificate policy extension.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_NO_EXPLICIT_POLICY\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_NO_EXPLICIT_POLICY"
No explicit policy.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_DIFFERENT_CRL_SCOPE\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_DIFFERENT_CRL_SCOPE"
Different \s-1CRL\s0 scope.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION_FEATURE\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_EXTENSION_FEATURE"
Unsupported extension feature.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_UNNESTED_RESOURCE\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_UNNESTED_RESOURCE"
\&\s-1RFC 3779\s0 resource not subset of parent's resources.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_PERMITTED_VIOLATION\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_PERMITTED_VIOLATION"
Permitted subtree violation.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_EXCLUDED_VIOLATION\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_EXCLUDED_VIOLATION"
Excluded subtree violation.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_SUBTREE_MINMAX\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_SUBTREE_MINMAX"
Name constraints minimum and maximum not supported.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_APPLICATION_VERIFICATION"
Application verification failure. Unused.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_CONSTRAINT_TYPE\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_CONSTRAINT_TYPE"
Unsupported name constraint type.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_CONSTRAINT_SYNTAX\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_CONSTRAINT_SYNTAX"
Unsupported or invalid name constraint syntax.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_NAME_SYNTAX\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_UNSUPPORTED_NAME_SYNTAX"
Unsupported or invalid name syntax.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_CRL_PATH_VALIDATION_ERROR\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_CRL_PATH_VALIDATION_ERROR"
\&\s-1CRL\s0 path validation error.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_PATH_LOOP\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_PATH_LOOP"
Path loop.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_INVALID_VERSION\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_INVALID_VERSION"
Suite B: certificate version invalid.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_INVALID_ALGORITHM\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_INVALID_ALGORITHM"
Suite B: invalid public key algorithm.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_INVALID_CURVE\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_INVALID_CURVE"
Suite B: invalid \s-1ECC\s0 curve.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_INVALID_SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_INVALID_SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM"
Suite B: invalid signature algorithm.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_LOS_NOT_ALLOWED\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_LOS_NOT_ALLOWED"
Suite B: curve not allowed for this \s-1LOS.\s0
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_CANNOT_SIGN_P_384_WITH_P_256\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_SUITE_B_CANNOT_SIGN_P_384_WITH_P_256"
Suite B: cannot sign P\-384 with P\-256.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_HOSTNAME_MISMATCH\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_HOSTNAME_MISMATCH"
Hostname mismatch.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_EMAIL_MISMATCH\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_EMAIL_MISMATCH"
Email address mismatch.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_IP_ADDRESS_MISMATCH\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_IP_ADDRESS_MISMATCH"
\&\s-1IP\s0 address mismatch.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_DANE_NO_MATCH\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_DANE_NO_MATCH"
\&\s-1DANE TLSA\s0 authentication is enabled, but no \s-1TLSA\s0 records matched the
certificate chain.
This error is only possible in \fBs_client\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_EE_KEY_TOO_SMALL\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_EE_KEY_TOO_SMALL"
\&\s-1EE\s0 certificate key too weak.
.IP "\fBX509_ERR_CA_KEY_TOO_SMALL\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_ERR_CA_KEY_TOO_SMALL"
\&\s-1CA\s0 certificate key too weak.
.IP "\fBX509_ERR_CA_MD_TOO_WEAK\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_ERR_CA_MD_TOO_WEAK"
\&\s-1CA\s0 signature digest algorithm too weak.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_INVALID_CALL\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_INVALID_CALL"
nvalid certificate verification context.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_STORE_LOOKUP\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_STORE_LOOKUP"
Issuer certificate lookup error.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_NO_VALID_SCTS\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_NO_VALID_SCTS"
Certificate Transparency required, but no valid SCTs found.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_PROXY_SUBJECT_NAME_VIOLATION\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_PROXY_SUBJECT_NAME_VIOLATION"
Proxy subject name violation.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_OCSP_VERIFY_NEEDED\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_OCSP_VERIFY_NEEDED"
Returned by the verify callback to indicate an \s-1OCSP\s0 verification is needed.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_OCSP_VERIFY_FAILED\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_OCSP_VERIFY_FAILED"
Returned by the verify callback to indicate \s-1OCSP\s0 verification failed.
.IP "\fBX509_V_ERR_OCSP_CERT_UNKNOWN\fR" 4
.IX Item "X509_V_ERR_OCSP_CERT_UNKNOWN"
Returned by the verify callback to indicate that the certificate is not recognized
by the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder.
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
Although the issuer checks are a considerable improvement over the old
technique they still suffer from limitations in the underlying X509_LOOKUP
\&\s-1API.\s0 One consequence of this is that trusted certificates with matching
subject name must either appear in a file (as specified by the \fB\-CAfile\fR
option) or a directory (as specified by \fB\-CApath\fR). If they occur in
both then only the certificates in the file will be recognised.
.PP
Previous versions of OpenSSL assume certificates with matching subject
name are identical and mishandled them.
.PP
Previous versions of this documentation swapped the meaning of the
\&\fBX509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT\fR and
\&\fBX509_V_ERR_UNABLE_TO_GET_ISSUER_CERT_LOCALLY\fR error codes.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBx509\fR\|(1)
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
The \fB\-show_chain\fR option was added in OpenSSL 1.1.0.
.PP
The \fB\-issuer_checks\fR option is deprecated as of OpenSSL 1.1.0 and
is silently ignored.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2017 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
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.\"
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\{\
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "VERSION 1"
.TH VERSION 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-version, version \- print OpenSSL version information
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl version\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-a\fR]
[\fB\-v\fR]
[\fB\-b\fR]
[\fB\-o\fR]
[\fB\-f\fR]
[\fB\-p\fR]
[\fB\-d\fR]
[\fB\-e\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
This command is used to print out version information about OpenSSL.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-a\fR" 4
.IX Item "-a"
All information, this is the same as setting all the other flags.
.IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4
.IX Item "-v"
The current OpenSSL version.
.IP "\fB\-b\fR" 4
.IX Item "-b"
The date the current version of OpenSSL was built.
.IP "\fB\-o\fR" 4
.IX Item "-o"
Option information: various options set when the library was built.
.IP "\fB\-f\fR" 4
.IX Item "-f"
Compilation flags.
.IP "\fB\-p\fR" 4
.IX Item "-p"
Platform setting.
.IP "\fB\-d\fR" 4
.IX Item "-d"
\&\s-1OPENSSLDIR\s0 setting.
.IP "\fB\-e\fR" 4
.IX Item "-e"
\&\s-1ENGINESDIR\s0 setting.
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The output of \fBopenssl version \-a\fR would typically be used when sending
in a bug report.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2017 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.

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.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 4.14 (Pod::Simple 3.42)
.\"
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.\" ========================================================================
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.if t .sp .5v
.if n .sp
..
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.nf
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..
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.ft R
.fi
..
.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings. \*(-- will
.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote. \*(C+ will
.\" give a nicer C++. Capital omega is used to do unbreakable dashes and
.\" therefore won't be available. \*(C` and \*(C' expand to `' in nroff,
.\" nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
.tr \(*W-
.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
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.el .ds Aq '
.\"
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.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
.\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the
.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
.\"
.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
.de IX
..
.nr rF 0
.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
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. nr % 0
. nr F 2
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. \}
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.rr rF
.\"
.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
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. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
.if n \{\
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.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
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\{\
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
.\" ========================================================================
.\"
.IX Title "X509 1"
.TH X509 1 "2020-04-21" "1.1.1g" "OpenSSL"
.\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
.if n .ad l
.nh
.SH "NAME"
openssl\-x509, x509 \- Certificate display and signing utility
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
\&\fBopenssl\fR \fBx509\fR
[\fB\-help\fR]
[\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR]
[\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR]
[\fB\-keyform DER|PEM|ENGINE\fR]
[\fB\-CAform DER|PEM\fR]
[\fB\-CAkeyform DER|PEM\fR]
[\fB\-in filename\fR]
[\fB\-out filename\fR]
[\fB\-serial\fR]
[\fB\-hash\fR]
[\fB\-subject_hash\fR]
[\fB\-issuer_hash\fR]
[\fB\-ocspid\fR]
[\fB\-subject\fR]
[\fB\-issuer\fR]
[\fB\-nameopt option\fR]
[\fB\-email\fR]
[\fB\-ocsp_uri\fR]
[\fB\-startdate\fR]
[\fB\-enddate\fR]
[\fB\-purpose\fR]
[\fB\-dates\fR]
[\fB\-checkend num\fR]
[\fB\-modulus\fR]
[\fB\-pubkey\fR]
[\fB\-fingerprint\fR]
[\fB\-alias\fR]
[\fB\-noout\fR]
[\fB\-trustout\fR]
[\fB\-clrtrust\fR]
[\fB\-clrreject\fR]
[\fB\-addtrust arg\fR]
[\fB\-addreject arg\fR]
[\fB\-setalias arg\fR]
[\fB\-days arg\fR]
[\fB\-set_serial n\fR]
[\fB\-signkey arg\fR]
[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
[\fB\-x509toreq\fR]
[\fB\-req\fR]
[\fB\-CA filename\fR]
[\fB\-CAkey filename\fR]
[\fB\-CAcreateserial\fR]
[\fB\-CAserial filename\fR]
[\fB\-force_pubkey key\fR]
[\fB\-text\fR]
[\fB\-ext extensions\fR]
[\fB\-certopt option\fR]
[\fB\-C\fR]
[\fB\-\f(BIdigest\fB\fR]
[\fB\-clrext\fR]
[\fB\-extfile filename\fR]
[\fB\-extensions section\fR]
[\fB\-sigopt nm:v\fR]
[\fB\-rand file...\fR]
[\fB\-writerand file\fR]
[\fB\-engine id\fR]
[\fB\-preserve_dates\fR]
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
The \fBx509\fR command is a multi purpose certificate utility. It can be
used to display certificate information, convert certificates to
various forms, sign certificate requests like a \*(L"mini \s-1CA\*(R"\s0 or edit
certificate trust settings.
.PP
Since there are a large number of options they will split up into
various sections.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.IX Header "OPTIONS"
.SS "Input, Output, and General Purpose Options"
.IX Subsection "Input, Output, and General Purpose Options"
.IP "\fB\-help\fR" 4
.IX Item "-help"
Print out a usage message.
.IP "\fB\-inform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-inform DER|PEM"
This specifies the input format normally the command will expect an X509
certificate but this can change if other options such as \fB\-req\fR are
present. The \s-1DER\s0 format is the \s-1DER\s0 encoding of the certificate and \s-1PEM\s0
is the base64 encoding of the \s-1DER\s0 encoding with header and footer lines
added. The default format is \s-1PEM.\s0
.IP "\fB\-outform DER|PEM\fR" 4
.IX Item "-outform DER|PEM"
This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning and default
as the \fB\-inform\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-in filename"
This specifies the input filename to read a certificate from or standard input
if this option is not specified.
.IP "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-out filename"
This specifies the output filename to write to or standard output by
default.
.IP "\fB\-\f(BIdigest\fB\fR" 4
.IX Item "-digest"
The digest to use.
This affects any signing or display option that uses a message
digest, such as the \fB\-fingerprint\fR, \fB\-signkey\fR and \fB\-CA\fR options.
Any digest supported by the OpenSSL \fBdgst\fR command can be used.
If not specified then \s-1SHA1\s0 is used with \fB\-fingerprint\fR or
the default digest for the signing algorithm is used, typically \s-1SHA256.\s0
.IP "\fB\-rand file...\fR" 4
.IX Item "-rand file..."
A file or files containing random data used to seed the random number
generator.
Multiple files can be specified separated by an OS-dependent character.
The separator is \fB;\fR for MS-Windows, \fB,\fR for OpenVMS, and \fB:\fR for
all others.
.IP "[\fB\-writerand file\fR]" 4
.IX Item "[-writerand file]"
Writes random data to the specified \fIfile\fR upon exit.
This can be used with a subsequent \fB\-rand\fR flag.
.IP "\fB\-engine id\fR" 4
.IX Item "-engine id"
Specifying an engine (by its unique \fBid\fR string) will cause \fBx509\fR
to attempt to obtain a functional reference to the specified engine,
thus initialising it if needed. The engine will then be set as the default
for all available algorithms.
.IP "\fB\-preserve_dates\fR" 4
.IX Item "-preserve_dates"
When signing a certificate, preserve the \*(L"notBefore\*(R" and \*(L"notAfter\*(R" dates instead
of adjusting them to current time and duration. Cannot be used with the \fB\-days\fR option.
.SS "Display Options"
.IX Subsection "Display Options"
Note: the \fB\-alias\fR and \fB\-purpose\fR options are also display options
but are described in the \fB\s-1TRUST SETTINGS\s0\fR section.
.IP "\fB\-text\fR" 4
.IX Item "-text"
Prints out the certificate in text form. Full details are output including the
public key, signature algorithms, issuer and subject names, serial number
any extensions present and any trust settings.
.IP "\fB\-ext extensions\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ext extensions"
Prints out the certificate extensions in text form. Extensions are specified
with a comma separated string, e.g., \*(L"subjectAltName,subjectKeyIdentifier\*(R".
See the \fBx509v3_config\fR\|(5) manual page for the extension names.
.IP "\fB\-certopt option\fR" 4
.IX Item "-certopt option"
Customise the output format used with \fB\-text\fR. The \fBoption\fR argument
can be a single option or multiple options separated by commas. The
\&\fB\-certopt\fR switch may be also be used more than once to set multiple
options. See the \fB\s-1TEXT OPTIONS\s0\fR section for more information.
.IP "\fB\-noout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-noout"
This option prevents output of the encoded version of the certificate.
.IP "\fB\-pubkey\fR" 4
.IX Item "-pubkey"
Outputs the certificate's SubjectPublicKeyInfo block in \s-1PEM\s0 format.
.IP "\fB\-modulus\fR" 4
.IX Item "-modulus"
This option prints out the value of the modulus of the public key
contained in the certificate.
.IP "\fB\-serial\fR" 4
.IX Item "-serial"
Outputs the certificate serial number.
.IP "\fB\-subject_hash\fR" 4
.IX Item "-subject_hash"
Outputs the \*(L"hash\*(R" of the certificate subject name. This is used in OpenSSL to
form an index to allow certificates in a directory to be looked up by subject
name.
.IP "\fB\-issuer_hash\fR" 4
.IX Item "-issuer_hash"
Outputs the \*(L"hash\*(R" of the certificate issuer name.
.IP "\fB\-ocspid\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ocspid"
Outputs the \s-1OCSP\s0 hash values for the subject name and public key.
.IP "\fB\-hash\fR" 4
.IX Item "-hash"
Synonym for \*(L"\-subject_hash\*(R" for backward compatibility reasons.
.IP "\fB\-subject_hash_old\fR" 4
.IX Item "-subject_hash_old"
Outputs the \*(L"hash\*(R" of the certificate subject name using the older algorithm
as used by OpenSSL before version 1.0.0.
.IP "\fB\-issuer_hash_old\fR" 4
.IX Item "-issuer_hash_old"
Outputs the \*(L"hash\*(R" of the certificate issuer name using the older algorithm
as used by OpenSSL before version 1.0.0.
.IP "\fB\-subject\fR" 4
.IX Item "-subject"
Outputs the subject name.
.IP "\fB\-issuer\fR" 4
.IX Item "-issuer"
Outputs the issuer name.
.IP "\fB\-nameopt option\fR" 4
.IX Item "-nameopt option"
Option which determines how the subject or issuer names are displayed. The
\&\fBoption\fR argument can be a single option or multiple options separated by
commas. Alternatively the \fB\-nameopt\fR switch may be used more than once to
set multiple options. See the \fB\s-1NAME OPTIONS\s0\fR section for more information.
.IP "\fB\-email\fR" 4
.IX Item "-email"
Outputs the email address(es) if any.
.IP "\fB\-ocsp_uri\fR" 4
.IX Item "-ocsp_uri"
Outputs the \s-1OCSP\s0 responder address(es) if any.
.IP "\fB\-startdate\fR" 4
.IX Item "-startdate"
Prints out the start date of the certificate, that is the notBefore date.
.IP "\fB\-enddate\fR" 4
.IX Item "-enddate"
Prints out the expiry date of the certificate, that is the notAfter date.
.IP "\fB\-dates\fR" 4
.IX Item "-dates"
Prints out the start and expiry dates of a certificate.
.IP "\fB\-checkend arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-checkend arg"
Checks if the certificate expires within the next \fBarg\fR seconds and exits
non-zero if yes it will expire or zero if not.
.IP "\fB\-fingerprint\fR" 4
.IX Item "-fingerprint"
Calculates and outputs the digest of the \s-1DER\s0 encoded version of the entire
certificate (see digest options).
This is commonly called a \*(L"fingerprint\*(R". Because of the nature of message
digests, the fingerprint of a certificate is unique to that certificate and
two certificates with the same fingerprint can be considered to be the same.
.IP "\fB\-C\fR" 4
.IX Item "-C"
This outputs the certificate in the form of a C source file.
.SS "Trust Settings"
.IX Subsection "Trust Settings"
A \fBtrusted certificate\fR is an ordinary certificate which has several
additional pieces of information attached to it such as the permitted
and prohibited uses of the certificate and an \*(L"alias\*(R".
.PP
Normally when a certificate is being verified at least one certificate
must be \*(L"trusted\*(R". By default a trusted certificate must be stored
locally and must be a root \s-1CA:\s0 any certificate chain ending in this \s-1CA\s0
is then usable for any purpose.
.PP
Trust settings currently are only used with a root \s-1CA.\s0 They allow a finer
control over the purposes the root \s-1CA\s0 can be used for. For example a \s-1CA\s0
may be trusted for \s-1SSL\s0 client but not \s-1SSL\s0 server use.
.PP
See the description of the \fBverify\fR utility for more information on the
meaning of trust settings.
.PP
Future versions of OpenSSL will recognize trust settings on any
certificate: not just root CAs.
.IP "\fB\-trustout\fR" 4
.IX Item "-trustout"
This causes \fBx509\fR to output a \fBtrusted\fR certificate. An ordinary
or trusted certificate can be input but by default an ordinary
certificate is output and any trust settings are discarded. With the
\&\fB\-trustout\fR option a trusted certificate is output. A trusted
certificate is automatically output if any trust settings are modified.
.IP "\fB\-setalias arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-setalias arg"
Sets the alias of the certificate. This will allow the certificate
to be referred to using a nickname for example \*(L"Steve's Certificate\*(R".
.IP "\fB\-alias\fR" 4
.IX Item "-alias"
Outputs the certificate alias, if any.
.IP "\fB\-clrtrust\fR" 4
.IX Item "-clrtrust"
Clears all the permitted or trusted uses of the certificate.
.IP "\fB\-clrreject\fR" 4
.IX Item "-clrreject"
Clears all the prohibited or rejected uses of the certificate.
.IP "\fB\-addtrust arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-addtrust arg"
Adds a trusted certificate use.
Any object name can be used here but currently only \fBclientAuth\fR (\s-1SSL\s0 client
use), \fBserverAuth\fR (\s-1SSL\s0 server use), \fBemailProtection\fR (S/MIME email) and
\&\fBanyExtendedKeyUsage\fR are used.
As of OpenSSL 1.1.0, the last of these blocks all purposes when rejected or
enables all purposes when trusted.
Other OpenSSL applications may define additional uses.
.IP "\fB\-addreject arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-addreject arg"
Adds a prohibited use. It accepts the same values as the \fB\-addtrust\fR
option.
.IP "\fB\-purpose\fR" 4
.IX Item "-purpose"
This option performs tests on the certificate extensions and outputs
the results. For a more complete description see the \fB\s-1CERTIFICATE
EXTENSIONS\s0\fR section.
.SS "Signing Options"
.IX Subsection "Signing Options"
The \fBx509\fR utility can be used to sign certificates and requests: it
can thus behave like a \*(L"mini \s-1CA\*(R".\s0
.IP "\fB\-signkey arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-signkey arg"
This option causes the input file to be self signed using the supplied
private key or engine. The private key's format is specified with the
\&\fB\-keyform\fR option.
.Sp
If the input file is a certificate it sets the issuer name to the
subject name (i.e. makes it self signed) changes the public key to the
supplied value and changes the start and end dates. The start date is
set to the current time and the end date is set to a value determined
by the \fB\-days\fR option. Any certificate extensions are retained unless
the \fB\-clrext\fR option is supplied; this includes, for example, any existing
key identifier extensions.
.Sp
If the input is a certificate request then a self signed certificate
is created using the supplied private key using the subject name in
the request.
.IP "\fB\-sigopt nm:v\fR" 4
.IX Item "-sigopt nm:v"
Pass options to the signature algorithm during sign or verify operations.
Names and values of these options are algorithm-specific.
.IP "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-passin arg"
The key password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
see the \fB\s-1PASS PHRASE ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in \fBopenssl\fR\|(1).
.IP "\fB\-clrext\fR" 4
.IX Item "-clrext"
Delete any extensions from a certificate. This option is used when a
certificate is being created from another certificate (for example with
the \fB\-signkey\fR or the \fB\-CA\fR options). Normally all extensions are
retained.
.IP "\fB\-keyform PEM|DER|ENGINE\fR" 4
.IX Item "-keyform PEM|DER|ENGINE"
Specifies the format (\s-1DER\s0 or \s-1PEM\s0) of the private key file used in the
\&\fB\-signkey\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-days arg\fR" 4
.IX Item "-days arg"
Specifies the number of days to make a certificate valid for. The default
is 30 days. Cannot be used with the \fB\-preserve_dates\fR option.
.IP "\fB\-x509toreq\fR" 4
.IX Item "-x509toreq"
Converts a certificate into a certificate request. The \fB\-signkey\fR option
is used to pass the required private key.
.IP "\fB\-req\fR" 4
.IX Item "-req"
By default a certificate is expected on input. With this option a
certificate request is expected instead.
.IP "\fB\-set_serial n\fR" 4
.IX Item "-set_serial n"
Specifies the serial number to use. This option can be used with either
the \fB\-signkey\fR or \fB\-CA\fR options. If used in conjunction with the \fB\-CA\fR
option the serial number file (as specified by the \fB\-CAserial\fR or
\&\fB\-CAcreateserial\fR options) is not used.
.Sp
The serial number can be decimal or hex (if preceded by \fB0x\fR).
.IP "\fB\-CA filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CA filename"
Specifies the \s-1CA\s0 certificate to be used for signing. When this option is
present \fBx509\fR behaves like a \*(L"mini \s-1CA\*(R".\s0 The input file is signed by this
\&\s-1CA\s0 using this option: that is its issuer name is set to the subject name
of the \s-1CA\s0 and it is digitally signed using the CAs private key.
.Sp
This option is normally combined with the \fB\-req\fR option. Without the
\&\fB\-req\fR option the input is a certificate which must be self signed.
.IP "\fB\-CAkey filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CAkey filename"
Sets the \s-1CA\s0 private key to sign a certificate with. If this option is
not specified then it is assumed that the \s-1CA\s0 private key is present in
the \s-1CA\s0 certificate file.
.IP "\fB\-CAserial filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CAserial filename"
Sets the \s-1CA\s0 serial number file to use.
.Sp
When the \fB\-CA\fR option is used to sign a certificate it uses a serial
number specified in a file. This file consists of one line containing
an even number of hex digits with the serial number to use. After each
use the serial number is incremented and written out to the file again.
.Sp
The default filename consists of the \s-1CA\s0 certificate file base name with
\&\*(L".srl\*(R" appended. For example if the \s-1CA\s0 certificate file is called
\&\*(L"mycacert.pem\*(R" it expects to find a serial number file called \*(L"mycacert.srl\*(R".
.IP "\fB\-CAcreateserial\fR" 4
.IX Item "-CAcreateserial"
With this option the \s-1CA\s0 serial number file is created if it does not exist:
it will contain the serial number \*(L"02\*(R" and the certificate being signed will
have the 1 as its serial number. If the \fB\-CA\fR option is specified
and the serial number file does not exist a random number is generated;
this is the recommended practice.
.IP "\fB\-extfile filename\fR" 4
.IX Item "-extfile filename"
File containing certificate extensions to use. If not specified then
no extensions are added to the certificate.
.IP "\fB\-extensions section\fR" 4
.IX Item "-extensions section"
The section to add certificate extensions from. If this option is not
specified then the extensions should either be contained in the unnamed
(default) section or the default section should contain a variable called
\&\*(L"extensions\*(R" which contains the section to use. See the
\&\fBx509v3_config\fR\|(5) manual page for details of the
extension section format.
.IP "\fB\-force_pubkey key\fR" 4
.IX Item "-force_pubkey key"
When a certificate is created set its public key to \fBkey\fR instead of the
key in the certificate or certificate request. This option is useful for
creating certificates where the algorithm can't normally sign requests, for
example \s-1DH.\s0
.Sp
The format or \fBkey\fR can be specified using the \fB\-keyform\fR option.
.SS "Name Options"
.IX Subsection "Name Options"
The \fBnameopt\fR command line switch determines how the subject and issuer
names are displayed. If no \fBnameopt\fR switch is present the default \*(L"oneline\*(R"
format is used which is compatible with previous versions of OpenSSL.
Each option is described in detail below, all options can be preceded by
a \fB\-\fR to turn the option off. Only the first four will normally be used.
.IP "\fBcompat\fR" 4
.IX Item "compat"
Use the old format.
.IP "\fB\s-1RFC2253\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "RFC2253"
Displays names compatible with \s-1RFC2253\s0 equivalent to \fBesc_2253\fR, \fBesc_ctrl\fR,
\&\fBesc_msb\fR, \fButf8\fR, \fBdump_nostr\fR, \fBdump_unknown\fR, \fBdump_der\fR,
\&\fBsep_comma_plus\fR, \fBdn_rev\fR and \fBsname\fR.
.IP "\fBoneline\fR" 4
.IX Item "oneline"
A oneline format which is more readable than \s-1RFC2253.\s0 It is equivalent to
specifying the \fBesc_2253\fR, \fBesc_ctrl\fR, \fBesc_msb\fR, \fButf8\fR, \fBdump_nostr\fR,
\&\fBdump_der\fR, \fBuse_quote\fR, \fBsep_comma_plus_space\fR, \fBspace_eq\fR and \fBsname\fR
options. This is the \fIdefault\fR of no name options are given explicitly.
.IP "\fBmultiline\fR" 4
.IX Item "multiline"
A multiline format. It is equivalent \fBesc_ctrl\fR, \fBesc_msb\fR, \fBsep_multiline\fR,
\&\fBspace_eq\fR, \fBlname\fR and \fBalign\fR.
.IP "\fBesc_2253\fR" 4
.IX Item "esc_2253"
Escape the \*(L"special\*(R" characters required by \s-1RFC2253\s0 in a field. That is
\&\fB,+"<>;\fR. Additionally \fB#\fR is escaped at the beginning of a string
and a space character at the beginning or end of a string.
.IP "\fBesc_2254\fR" 4
.IX Item "esc_2254"
Escape the \*(L"special\*(R" characters required by \s-1RFC2254\s0 in a field. That is
the \fB\s-1NUL\s0\fR character as well as and \fB()*\fR.
.IP "\fBesc_ctrl\fR" 4
.IX Item "esc_ctrl"
Escape control characters. That is those with \s-1ASCII\s0 values less than
0x20 (space) and the delete (0x7f) character. They are escaped using the
\&\s-1RFC2253\s0 \eXX notation (where \s-1XX\s0 are two hex digits representing the
character value).
.IP "\fBesc_msb\fR" 4
.IX Item "esc_msb"
Escape characters with the \s-1MSB\s0 set, that is with \s-1ASCII\s0 values larger than
127.
.IP "\fBuse_quote\fR" 4
.IX Item "use_quote"
Escapes some characters by surrounding the whole string with \fB"\fR characters,
without the option all escaping is done with the \fB\e\fR character.
.IP "\fButf8\fR" 4
.IX Item "utf8"
Convert all strings to \s-1UTF8\s0 format first. This is required by \s-1RFC2253.\s0 If
you are lucky enough to have a \s-1UTF8\s0 compatible terminal then the use
of this option (and \fBnot\fR setting \fBesc_msb\fR) may result in the correct
display of multibyte (international) characters. Is this option is not
present then multibyte characters larger than 0xff will be represented
using the format \eUXXXX for 16 bits and \eWXXXXXXXX for 32 bits.
Also if this option is off any UTF8Strings will be converted to their
character form first.
.IP "\fBignore_type\fR" 4
.IX Item "ignore_type"
This option does not attempt to interpret multibyte characters in any
way. That is their content octets are merely dumped as though one octet
represents each character. This is useful for diagnostic purposes but
will result in rather odd looking output.
.IP "\fBshow_type\fR" 4
.IX Item "show_type"
Show the type of the \s-1ASN1\s0 character string. The type precedes the
field contents. For example \*(L"\s-1BMPSTRING:\s0 Hello World\*(R".
.IP "\fBdump_der\fR" 4
.IX Item "dump_der"
When this option is set any fields that need to be hexdumped will
be dumped using the \s-1DER\s0 encoding of the field. Otherwise just the
content octets will be displayed. Both options use the \s-1RFC2253\s0
\&\fB#XXXX...\fR format.
.IP "\fBdump_nostr\fR" 4
.IX Item "dump_nostr"
Dump non character string types (for example \s-1OCTET STRING\s0) if this
option is not set then non character string types will be displayed
as though each content octet represents a single character.
.IP "\fBdump_all\fR" 4
.IX Item "dump_all"
Dump all fields. This option when used with \fBdump_der\fR allows the
\&\s-1DER\s0 encoding of the structure to be unambiguously determined.
.IP "\fBdump_unknown\fR" 4
.IX Item "dump_unknown"
Dump any field whose \s-1OID\s0 is not recognised by OpenSSL.
.IP "\fBsep_comma_plus\fR, \fBsep_comma_plus_space\fR, \fBsep_semi_plus_space\fR, \fBsep_multiline\fR" 4
.IX Item "sep_comma_plus, sep_comma_plus_space, sep_semi_plus_space, sep_multiline"
These options determine the field separators. The first character is
between RDNs and the second between multiple AVAs (multiple AVAs are
very rare and their use is discouraged). The options ending in
\&\*(L"space\*(R" additionally place a space after the separator to make it
more readable. The \fBsep_multiline\fR uses a linefeed character for
the \s-1RDN\s0 separator and a spaced \fB+\fR for the \s-1AVA\s0 separator. It also
indents the fields by four characters. If no field separator is specified
then \fBsep_comma_plus_space\fR is used by default.
.IP "\fBdn_rev\fR" 4
.IX Item "dn_rev"
Reverse the fields of the \s-1DN.\s0 This is required by \s-1RFC2253.\s0 As a side
effect this also reverses the order of multiple AVAs but this is
permissible.
.IP "\fBnofname\fR, \fBsname\fR, \fBlname\fR, \fBoid\fR" 4
.IX Item "nofname, sname, lname, oid"
These options alter how the field name is displayed. \fBnofname\fR does
not display the field at all. \fBsname\fR uses the \*(L"short name\*(R" form
(\s-1CN\s0 for commonName for example). \fBlname\fR uses the long form.
\&\fBoid\fR represents the \s-1OID\s0 in numerical form and is useful for
diagnostic purpose.
.IP "\fBalign\fR" 4
.IX Item "align"
Align field values for a more readable output. Only usable with
\&\fBsep_multiline\fR.
.IP "\fBspace_eq\fR" 4
.IX Item "space_eq"
Places spaces round the \fB=\fR character which follows the field
name.
.SS "Text Options"
.IX Subsection "Text Options"
As well as customising the name output format, it is also possible to
customise the actual fields printed using the \fBcertopt\fR options when
the \fBtext\fR option is present. The default behaviour is to print all fields.
.IP "\fBcompatible\fR" 4
.IX Item "compatible"
Use the old format. This is equivalent to specifying no output options at all.
.IP "\fBno_header\fR" 4
.IX Item "no_header"
Don't print header information: that is the lines saying \*(L"Certificate\*(R"
and \*(L"Data\*(R".
.IP "\fBno_version\fR" 4
.IX Item "no_version"
Don't print out the version number.
.IP "\fBno_serial\fR" 4
.IX Item "no_serial"
Don't print out the serial number.
.IP "\fBno_signame\fR" 4
.IX Item "no_signame"
Don't print out the signature algorithm used.
.IP "\fBno_validity\fR" 4
.IX Item "no_validity"
Don't print the validity, that is the \fBnotBefore\fR and \fBnotAfter\fR fields.
.IP "\fBno_subject\fR" 4
.IX Item "no_subject"
Don't print out the subject name.
.IP "\fBno_issuer\fR" 4
.IX Item "no_issuer"
Don't print out the issuer name.
.IP "\fBno_pubkey\fR" 4
.IX Item "no_pubkey"
Don't print out the public key.
.IP "\fBno_sigdump\fR" 4
.IX Item "no_sigdump"
Don't give a hexadecimal dump of the certificate signature.
.IP "\fBno_aux\fR" 4
.IX Item "no_aux"
Don't print out certificate trust information.
.IP "\fBno_extensions\fR" 4
.IX Item "no_extensions"
Don't print out any X509V3 extensions.
.IP "\fBext_default\fR" 4
.IX Item "ext_default"
Retain default extension behaviour: attempt to print out unsupported
certificate extensions.
.IP "\fBext_error\fR" 4
.IX Item "ext_error"
Print an error message for unsupported certificate extensions.
.IP "\fBext_parse\fR" 4
.IX Item "ext_parse"
\&\s-1ASN1\s0 parse unsupported extensions.
.IP "\fBext_dump\fR" 4
.IX Item "ext_dump"
Hex dump unsupported extensions.
.IP "\fBca_default\fR" 4
.IX Item "ca_default"
The value used by the \fBca\fR utility, equivalent to \fBno_issuer\fR, \fBno_pubkey\fR,
\&\fBno_header\fR, and \fBno_version\fR.
.SH "EXAMPLES"
.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
Note: in these examples the '\e' means the example should be all on one
line.
.PP
Display the contents of a certificate:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl x509 \-in cert.pem \-noout \-text
.Ve
.PP
Display the \*(L"Subject Alternative Name\*(R" extension of a certificate:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl x509 \-in cert.pem \-noout \-ext subjectAltName
.Ve
.PP
Display more extensions of a certificate:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl x509 \-in cert.pem \-noout \-ext subjectAltName,nsCertType
.Ve
.PP
Display the certificate serial number:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl x509 \-in cert.pem \-noout \-serial
.Ve
.PP
Display the certificate subject name:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl x509 \-in cert.pem \-noout \-subject
.Ve
.PP
Display the certificate subject name in \s-1RFC2253\s0 form:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl x509 \-in cert.pem \-noout \-subject \-nameopt RFC2253
.Ve
.PP
Display the certificate subject name in oneline form on a terminal
supporting \s-1UTF8:\s0
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl x509 \-in cert.pem \-noout \-subject \-nameopt oneline,\-esc_msb
.Ve
.PP
Display the certificate \s-1SHA1\s0 fingerprint:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl x509 \-sha1 \-in cert.pem \-noout \-fingerprint
.Ve
.PP
Convert a certificate from \s-1PEM\s0 to \s-1DER\s0 format:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl x509 \-in cert.pem \-inform PEM \-out cert.der \-outform DER
.Ve
.PP
Convert a certificate to a certificate request:
.PP
.Vb 1
\& openssl x509 \-x509toreq \-in cert.pem \-out req.pem \-signkey key.pem
.Ve
.PP
Convert a certificate request into a self signed certificate using
extensions for a \s-1CA:\s0
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl x509 \-req \-in careq.pem \-extfile openssl.cnf \-extensions v3_ca \e
\& \-signkey key.pem \-out cacert.pem
.Ve
.PP
Sign a certificate request using the \s-1CA\s0 certificate above and add user
certificate extensions:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl x509 \-req \-in req.pem \-extfile openssl.cnf \-extensions v3_usr \e
\& \-CA cacert.pem \-CAkey key.pem \-CAcreateserial
.Ve
.PP
Set a certificate to be trusted for \s-1SSL\s0 client use and change set its alias to
\&\*(L"Steve's Class 1 \s-1CA\*(R"\s0
.PP
.Vb 2
\& openssl x509 \-in cert.pem \-addtrust clientAuth \e
\& \-setalias "Steve\*(Aqs Class 1 CA" \-out trust.pem
.Ve
.SH "NOTES"
.IX Header "NOTES"
The \s-1PEM\s0 format uses the header and footer lines:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
it will also handle files containing:
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN X509 CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END X509 CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
Trusted certificates have the lines
.PP
.Vb 2
\& \-\-\-\-\-BEGIN TRUSTED CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\-
\& \-\-\-\-\-END TRUSTED CERTIFICATE\-\-\-\-\-
.Ve
.PP
The conversion to \s-1UTF8\s0 format used with the name options assumes that
T61Strings use the \s-1ISO8859\-1\s0 character set. This is wrong but Netscape
and \s-1MSIE\s0 do this as do many certificates. So although this is incorrect
it is more likely to display the majority of certificates correctly.
.PP
The \fB\-email\fR option searches the subject name and the subject alternative
name extension. Only unique email addresses will be printed out: it will
not print the same address more than once.
.SH "CERTIFICATE EXTENSIONS"
.IX Header "CERTIFICATE EXTENSIONS"
The \fB\-purpose\fR option checks the certificate extensions and determines
what the certificate can be used for. The actual checks done are rather
complex and include various hacks and workarounds to handle broken
certificates and software.
.PP
The same code is used when verifying untrusted certificates in chains
so this section is useful if a chain is rejected by the verify code.
.PP
The basicConstraints extension \s-1CA\s0 flag is used to determine whether the
certificate can be used as a \s-1CA.\s0 If the \s-1CA\s0 flag is true then it is a \s-1CA,\s0
if the \s-1CA\s0 flag is false then it is not a \s-1CA.\s0 \fBAll\fR CAs should have the
\&\s-1CA\s0 flag set to true.
.PP
If the basicConstraints extension is absent then the certificate is
considered to be a \*(L"possible \s-1CA\*(R"\s0 other extensions are checked according
to the intended use of the certificate. A warning is given in this case
because the certificate should really not be regarded as a \s-1CA:\s0 however
it is allowed to be a \s-1CA\s0 to work around some broken software.
.PP
If the certificate is a V1 certificate (and thus has no extensions) and
it is self signed it is also assumed to be a \s-1CA\s0 but a warning is again
given: this is to work around the problem of Verisign roots which are V1
self signed certificates.
.PP
If the keyUsage extension is present then additional restraints are
made on the uses of the certificate. A \s-1CA\s0 certificate \fBmust\fR have the
keyCertSign bit set if the keyUsage extension is present.
.PP
The extended key usage extension places additional restrictions on the
certificate uses. If this extension is present (whether critical or not)
the key can only be used for the purposes specified.
.PP
A complete description of each test is given below. The comments about
basicConstraints and keyUsage and V1 certificates above apply to \fBall\fR
\&\s-1CA\s0 certificates.
.IP "\fB\s-1SSL\s0 Client\fR" 4
.IX Item "SSL Client"
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the \*(L"web client
authentication\*(R" \s-1OID.\s0 keyUsage must be absent or it must have the
digitalSignature bit set. Netscape certificate type must be absent or it must
have the \s-1SSL\s0 client bit set.
.IP "\fB\s-1SSL\s0 Client \s-1CA\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "SSL Client CA"
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the \*(L"web client
authentication\*(R" \s-1OID.\s0 Netscape certificate type must be absent or it must have
the \s-1SSL CA\s0 bit set: this is used as a work around if the basicConstraints
extension is absent.
.IP "\fB\s-1SSL\s0 Server\fR" 4
.IX Item "SSL Server"
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the \*(L"web server
authentication\*(R" and/or one of the \s-1SGC\s0 OIDs. keyUsage must be absent or it
must have the digitalSignature, the keyEncipherment set or both bits set.
Netscape certificate type must be absent or have the \s-1SSL\s0 server bit set.
.IP "\fB\s-1SSL\s0 Server \s-1CA\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "SSL Server CA"
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the \*(L"web server
authentication\*(R" and/or one of the \s-1SGC\s0 OIDs. Netscape certificate type must
be absent or the \s-1SSL CA\s0 bit must be set: this is used as a work around if the
basicConstraints extension is absent.
.IP "\fBNetscape \s-1SSL\s0 Server\fR" 4
.IX Item "Netscape SSL Server"
For Netscape \s-1SSL\s0 clients to connect to an \s-1SSL\s0 server it must have the
keyEncipherment bit set if the keyUsage extension is present. This isn't
always valid because some cipher suites use the key for digital signing.
Otherwise it is the same as a normal \s-1SSL\s0 server.
.IP "\fBCommon S/MIME Client Tests\fR" 4
.IX Item "Common S/MIME Client Tests"
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the \*(L"email
protection\*(R" \s-1OID.\s0 Netscape certificate type must be absent or should have the
S/MIME bit set. If the S/MIME bit is not set in Netscape certificate type
then the \s-1SSL\s0 client bit is tolerated as an alternative but a warning is shown:
this is because some Verisign certificates don't set the S/MIME bit.
.IP "\fBS/MIME Signing\fR" 4
.IX Item "S/MIME Signing"
In addition to the common S/MIME client tests the digitalSignature bit or
the nonRepudiation bit must be set if the keyUsage extension is present.
.IP "\fBS/MIME Encryption\fR" 4
.IX Item "S/MIME Encryption"
In addition to the common S/MIME tests the keyEncipherment bit must be set
if the keyUsage extension is present.
.IP "\fBS/MIME \s-1CA\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "S/MIME CA"
The extended key usage extension must be absent or include the \*(L"email
protection\*(R" \s-1OID.\s0 Netscape certificate type must be absent or must have the
S/MIME \s-1CA\s0 bit set: this is used as a work around if the basicConstraints
extension is absent.
.IP "\fB\s-1CRL\s0 Signing\fR" 4
.IX Item "CRL Signing"
The keyUsage extension must be absent or it must have the \s-1CRL\s0 signing bit
set.
.IP "\fB\s-1CRL\s0 Signing \s-1CA\s0\fR" 4
.IX Item "CRL Signing CA"
The normal \s-1CA\s0 tests apply. Except in this case the basicConstraints extension
must be present.
.SH "BUGS"
.IX Header "BUGS"
Extensions in certificates are not transferred to certificate requests and
vice versa.
.PP
It is possible to produce invalid certificates or requests by specifying the
wrong private key or using inconsistent options in some cases: these should
be checked.
.PP
There should be options to explicitly set such things as start and end
dates rather than an offset from the current time.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
\&\fBreq\fR\|(1), \fBca\fR\|(1), \fBgenrsa\fR\|(1),
\&\fBgendsa\fR\|(1), \fBverify\fR\|(1),
\&\fBx509v3_config\fR\|(5)
.SH "HISTORY"
.IX Header "HISTORY"
The hash algorithm used in the \fB\-subject_hash\fR and \fB\-issuer_hash\fR options
before OpenSSL 1.0.0 was based on the deprecated \s-1MD5\s0 algorithm and the encoding
of the distinguished name. In OpenSSL 1.0.0 and later it is based on a
canonical version of the \s-1DN\s0 using \s-1SHA1.\s0 This means that any directories using
the old form must have their links rebuilt using \fBc_rehash\fR or similar.
.SH "COPYRIGHT"
.IX Header "COPYRIGHT"
Copyright 2000\-2020 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.
.PP
Licensed under the OpenSSL license (the \*(L"License\*(R"). You may not use
this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy
in the file \s-1LICENSE\s0 in the source distribution or at
<https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.